吕梁晋语

Lüliang Jin

Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片)

FamilySino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片) Speakers~4–6M (Lüliang, Shanxi) ScriptSimplified Chinese CountriesChina (Shanxi — Lüliang 吕梁) Official inNo (Chinese provincial/regional dialect; not officially recognized as a separate language)

Lüliang Jin is a group of Jin Chinese varieties spoken across the Lüliang Mountains of western Shanxi and adjoining northern Shaanxi, with Lishi commonly used as a representative point. Modern classifications divide the group into Fenzhou and Xing-Xi subgroups, encompassing local varieties such as Fenyang, Linxian, Liulin, and Lishi. A defining feature is the preservation of entering-tone categories inherited from Middle Chinese; many locations realize checked syllables with final glottal constriction, though the stop and vowel duration are weakening in some communities. Tone inventories and tone sandhi differ across the area, so Lüliang Jin is not a single uniform city dialect. Speakers normally write standard Chinese characters, as the local speech has no widely adopted separate orthography.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Lüliang Jin

Water

水

su˧˩˨

Fire

火

xuo˧˩˨

Sun

日头

zəʔ˨˧ tʰʌu˦˦

Moon

月明

yəʔ˨˧ mɿ˦˦

Star

星宿

sɿ˨˦ ɕiʌu˥˨

Night

夜里

iɛ˥˨ liɪ˧˩˨

Rain

雨

zu˧˩˨

Snow

雪

ɕyəʔ˦

Wind

风

xuʌŋ˨˦

Earth

土

tʰu˧˩˨

Stone

石头

səʔ˨˧ tʰʌu˦˦

Mountain

山

sæ˨˦

Sea

海

xɐɪ˧˩˨

Mother

妈妈

ma˨˦ ma

Father

爹爹

tiɛ˨˦ tiɛ

Daughter

女

zu˧˩˨

I

我

ŋa˧˩˨

You

你

nɿ˧˩˨

We

俺们

ɣæ̃˥˧ mə

Name

名字

miʌŋ˦˦ tsɿ˥˨

Person

人

zʌŋ˦˦

Head

脑

nou˦˦

Eye

眼睛

niæ˧˩˨ tsɿ˨˦

Ear

耳

ɐr˧˩˨

Nose

鼻子

pʰiəʔ˨˧ tsəʔ˦

Mouth

嘴

tsu˧˩˨

Tooth

牙

nia˦˦

Tongue

舌头

səʔ˨˧ tʰʌu˦˦

Hand

手

sʌu˧˩˨

Foot

脚

tɕiəʔ˦

Heart

心

ɕiʌŋ˨˦

Bone

骨头

kuəʔ˦ tʰʌu˦˦

Blood

血

ɕyəʔ˦

Poop

屎

sɿ˧˩˨

Love

爱

ŋɐɪ˥˨

Tree

树

su˥˨

Dog

狗

kʌu˧˩˨

Cat

猫

mou˦˦

Fish

鱼

nu˦˦

Bird

鸟

niou˧˩˨

Butterfly

蝴蝶

xu˦˦ tʰiəʔ˨˧

Egg

鸡蛋

tsɿ˨˦ tæ˥˨

Bear

熊

ɕyʌŋ˦˦

Horse

马

ma˧˩˨

House

房子

xuo˦˦ tsəʔ˦

Milk

牛奶

niʌu˦˦ niɛ˧˩˨

Honey

蜂蜜

xuʌŋ˨˦ miəʔ˨˧

Salt

盐

iɪ˦˦

Wine

葡萄酒

pʰu˦˦ tʰou˦˦ tɕiʌu˧˩˨

Rice

米

mɿ˧˩˨

Iron

铁

tʰiəʔ˦

Wheel

轮子

luʌŋ˦˦ tsəʔ˦

Silk

丝

sɿ˨˦

Book

书

su˨˦

Eat

吃

tsʰəʔ˦

Drink

喝

xəʔ˦

Sleep

睡觉

su˥˨ tɕiou˥˨

One

一

iəʔ˦

Two

二

ɐr˥˨

Three

三

sæ˨˦

Four

四

sɿ˥˨

Five

五

uəʔ˨˧

Hundred

百

piəʔ˦

Hello

你好

nɿ˧˩˨ xou˧˩˨

Thank you

谢谢

ɕiɛ˥˨ ɕiɛ

Good

好

xou˧˩˨

New

新

ɕiʌŋ˨˦

Red

红

xuʌŋ˦˦

White

白

pʰiəʔ˨˧

Black

黑

xəʔ˦

Green

绿

luəʔ˨˧

Blue

蓝

læ˦˦

Computer

电脑

tiɪ˥˨ nou˧˩˨

Sushi

寿司

sʌu˥˨ sɿ˨˦

Tea

茶

tsʰa˦˦

Sugar

糖

tʰɔ˦˦

Orange

橙

tsʰʌŋ˦˦

Ninety-nine

九十九

tɕiʌu˧˩˨ səʔ˨˧ tɕiʌu˧˩˨

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片)

Meaning Lüliang JinXinzhou JinJinNanjing MandarinGanTianjin MandarinZhongyuan Mandarin
Water 水 /su˧˩˨/ 水 /suei˧˩˧/ 水 /suei˥˧/ 水 /ʂueɪ˨˩˨/ 水 /sui˨˩˧/ 水 /suei˩˧/ 水 /ʂuei˥˧/
Fire 火 /xuo˧˩˨/ 火 /xuɛ˧˩˧/ 火 /xuo˥˧/ 火 /xuo˨˩˨/ 火 /fo˨˩˧/ 火 /xwo˩˧/ 火 /xuo˥˧/
Sun 日头 /zəʔ˨˧ tʰʌu˦˦/ 太阳 /tʰæ˥˨ iɑ̃˧˩/ 日头 /zəʔ˨ tʰəu˩/ 太阳 /tʰɛ˦ iaŋ˩˧/ 日头 /ȵit˥ tʰɛu/ 日头 /ʐʅ˥˧ tʰoʊ˦˥/ 太阳 /tʰai˧˩˨ iaŋ˦˨/
Moon 月明 /yəʔ˨˧ mɿ˦˦/ 月 /yɔʔ˦˧/ 月亮 /yəʔ˨ liɔ̃˩/ 月亮 /yʔ˥ liaŋ˦/ 月光 /ȵyot˨ kuɔŋ˦˨/ 月亮 /ɥɛ˥˧ ljaŋ/ 月亮 /yɛ˨˦ liaŋ/
Star 星宿 /sɿ˨˦ ɕiʌu˥˨/ 星宿 /ɕiəŋ˧˩˧ ɕiəu˥˨/ 星宿 /ɕi˩ ɕiəu˦˥/ 星 /ɕiŋ˧˩/ 星子 /ɕiaŋ˦˨ tsɿ/ 星星 /ɕiŋ˨˩ ɕiŋ/ 星星 /ɕiŋ˨˦ ɕiŋ/
Night 夜里 /iɛ˥˨ liɪ˧˩˨/ 夜里 /iɛ˥˨ li˧˩˧/ 夜里 /iɛ˦˥ li˥˧/ 晚上 /uɛ̃˨˩˨ ʂaŋ/ 夜里 /ia˨˩ li˨˩˧/ 晚上 /wan˩˧ ʂɑŋ/ 晚上 /uan˥˧ saŋ/
Rain 雨 /zu˧˩˨/ 雨 /y˧˩˧/ 雨 /y˥˧/ 雨 /y˩˩/ 雨 /y˨˩˧/ 雨 /y˩˧/ 雨 /y˥˧/
Snow 雪 /ɕyəʔ˦/ 雪 /ɕyɔʔ˦˧/ 雪 /ɕyəʔ˨/ 雪 /ɕyɛ˥/ 雪 /ɕyot˥/ 雪 /ɕye˨˩/ 雪 /ɕyɛ˨˦/
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Han readings compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片)

Character Lüliang JinXinzhou JinChangzhi JinJinNanjing MandarinHui ChineseTianjin Mandarin
一 iəʔ⁴ /iəʔ˦/ iəʔ⁴³ /iəʔ˦˧/ iɛʔ⁵³ /iɛʔ˥˧/ ieh² /iəʔ˨/ yiq⁵ /iʔ˥/ iʔ²¹ /iʔ˨˩/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/
二 白讀zɿ⁵² /zɿ˥˨/文讀ɐr⁵² /ɐr˥˨/ ɚ⁵² /ɚ˥˨/ ɚ⁵⁴ /ɚ˥˦/ er⁴⁵ /ɚ˦˥/ er⁴⁴ /ɚ˦˦/ ɛ²² /ɛ˨˨/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/
三 sæ²⁴ /sæ˨˦/ sɑ̃³¹³ /sɑ̃˧˩˧/ saŋ³¹² /saŋ˧˩˨/ san¹¹ /sæ̃˩˩/ san³¹ /sã˧˩/ sɛ³¹ /sɛ˧˩/ san²¹ /sɑn˨˩/
四 sɿ⁵² /sɿ˥˨/ sɿ⁵² /sɿ˥˨/ sɿ⁴⁴ /sɿ˦˦/ si⁴⁵ /sɿ˦˥/ si⁴⁴ /sɿ˦˦/ sɿ³²⁴ /sɿ˧˨˦/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/
五 uəʔ²³ /uəʔ˨˧/ u³¹³ /u˧˩˧/ u⁵³⁴ /u˥˧˦/ u⁵³ /u˥˧/ wu²¹² /u˨˩˨/ u³⁵ /u˧˥/ wu¹³ /u˩˧/
六 白讀liʌu⁵² /liʌu˥˨/文讀luəʔ²³ /luəʔ˨˧/ liəu⁵² /liəu˥˨/ luəʔ⁵³ /luəʔ˥˧/ lueh⁵ /luəʔ˥/ loq⁵ /loʔ˥/ lo²² /lo˨˨/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/
七 tɕʰiəʔ⁴ /tɕʰiəʔ˦/ tɕʰiəʔ⁴³ /tɕʰiəʔ˦˧/ tɕʰiɛʔ⁵³ /tɕʰiɛʔ˥˧/ qhieh² /tɕʰiəʔ˨/ ciq⁵ /tsʰiʔ˥/ tsʰiʔ²¹ /tsʰiʔ˨˩/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/
八 paʔ⁴ /paʔ˦/ pɑʔ⁴³ /pɑʔ˦˧/ paʔ⁵³ /paʔ˥˧/ pah² /paʔ˨/ baq⁵ /paʔ˥/ paʔ²¹ /paʔ˨˩/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/
九 tɕiʌu³¹² /tɕiʌu˧˩˨/ tɕiəu³¹³ /tɕiəu˧˩˧/ tɕiəu⁵³⁴ /tɕiəu˥˧˦/ jieu⁵³ /tɕiəu˥˧/ jiu²¹² /tɕiəu˨˩˨/ tɕiu³⁵ /tɕiu˧˥/ jiu¹³ /tɕiou˩˧/
十 səʔ²³ /səʔ˨˧/ ʂəʔ⁴³ /ʂəʔ˦˧/ səʔ⁵³ /səʔ˥˧/ seh⁵ /səʔ˥/ seq⁵ /ʂəʔ˥/ ɕi²² /ɕi˨˨/ shi⁴⁵ /ʂʐ̩˦˥/
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