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Drung

Sino-Tibetan (Nungish)

FamilySino-Tibetan (Nungish) Speakers~7.3–14K ScriptLatin script (Drung alphabet developed 1983, Latin-based with diacritics) CountriesChina Official inThe Derung are one of China's 56 recognized nationalities and the titular people of Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County, Yunnan (own autonomy regulations since 1991); the language itself has no official status, and its 1983 Latin orthography was approved for trial use only.

Drung, also called Dulong or Trung (ISO 639-3: duu), is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Nungish group, closely related to Rawang and Anong. It is spoken mainly by the Derung people in and around Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County, including the Dulong River valley of northwestern Yunnan, China. Published comparisons report about 74% lexical similarity with Matwang Rawang, while grammatical descriptions document verbal person marking characteristic of Nungish languages. A Latin-based alphabet was developed in 1983, but Drung has traditionally been unwritten and the newer orthography is neither widely used nor officially recognized.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Drung

Water

wɑŋ

wɑŋ

Fire

tɯmi

tɯmi

Sun

nɑm

nɑm

Moon

sɯlɑ

sɯlɑ

Star

ɡumjɛt

ɡumjɛt

Night

ɟɑdɯŋ

ɟɑ˥˥dɯŋ˥˧

Rain

nɑm

nɑm

Snow

tɯwɑn

tɯwɑn

Wind

nɑmbɯŋ

nɑmbɯŋ

Earth

ɑmɹɑ

ɑmɹɑ

Stone

luŋ

luŋ

Mountain

lɯkɑ

lɯkɑ

Sea

su

su˥˥

Mother

ɑmɑi

ɑmɑi

Father

ɑpɑi

ɑpɑi

Daughter

pɯmatɕal

pɯ˧˩mɑ˥˥tɕɑ̆l˥˧

I

nga

ŋa

You

nɑ

nɑ

We

rvng / ing

ɹɯŋ / iŋ

Name

angbrvng

ɑŋ˧˩bɹɯŋ˥˩

Person

ɑtsɑŋ

ɑtsɑŋ

Head

u

u

Eye

mjɛʔ

mjɛʔ

Ear

ɑnɑ

ɑnɑ

Nose

sɯnɑ

sɯnɑ

Mouth

nɯi

nɯi

Tooth

sɑ

sɑ

Tongue

pɯlɑi

pɯlɑi

Hand

uɹ

uɹ

Foot

xɹɑi

xɹɑi˥˥

Heart

ɹɯmɛʔ

ɹɯmɛʔ

Bone

angru

aŋɹu

Blood

ɕɯi

ɕɯi˥˥

Poop

ni

ni˥˥

Love

ɳiɕi

ɳiɕi

Tree

ɕiŋ

ɕiŋ

Dog

dɯɡɯi

dɯɡɯi

Cat

nɑme

nɑme

Fish

ŋɯtɕi

ŋɯtɕi

Bird

pɯtɕiʔ

pɯtɕiʔ

Butterfly

blɑkkwɑɹ

blɑkkwɑɹ

Egg

ɑŋlɯm

ɑŋlɯm

Horse

mɯɡɯ

mɯɡɯ

House

cim

cim

Milk

nuŋ

nuŋ˥˥

Salt

svla

sɯlaʔ

Rice

ɑmbɯtɕe˞

ɑm˥˥bɯ˥˥tɕe˞˥˥

Iron

ɕɑm

ɕɑm

Silk

ɡuceɟɔ̆ʔ

ɡu˥˥ce˥˥ɟɔ̆ʔ˥˥

Book

dʑiɟe

dʑi˥˥ɟe˥˥

Eat

kɑi

kɑi

Drink

ɑʔ

ɑʔ

Sleep

ip

ip

One

tiʔ

tiʔ

Two

ɑni

ɑni

Three

asɯm

asɯm

Four

ɑbli

ɑbli

Five

pɯnga

pɯŋɑ

Hundred

ɕɑ

ɕɑ

Hello

ŋeŋ

ŋeŋ

Thank you

tʃʰɔ

tʃʰɔ

Good

ɡɑm

ɡɑm

New

ɑŋɕɑɹ

ɑŋɕɑɹ

Red

ɕɑŋ

ɕɑŋ

White

mɔŋ

mɔŋ

Black

nɑʔ

nɑʔ

Green

pɯɕiŋ

pɯɕiŋ

Blue

muçin

mu˥˥çin˥˥

Sugar

kwɑ

kʷɑ˥˥

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sino-Tibetan (Nungish)

Meaning DrungMruNusuIdu MishmiErsuTshanglaSitu rGyalrong
Water wɑŋ /wɑŋ/ o /ɔ/ ɹi31gɹɑ53 /ɹi˧˩ɡɹɑ˥˧/ mɑ55tɕi55 /mɑ˥˥tɕi˥˥/ dʒo /dʒo/ ri /ɾi/ tə-tɕi /tətɕi/
Fire tɯmi /tɯmi/ mai /mɑɪ/ mi55 /mi˥˥/ mɑ55mɹu55 /mɑ˥˥mɹu˥˥/ mɛ /mɛ/ mi /mi/ tə-mtɕək /təmtɕək/
Sun nɑm /nɑm/ thum /tʰum/ ȵi35ɑ55 /ɲi˧˥ɑ˥˥/ i55ȵi55 /i˥˥ɲi˥˥/ ȵoma /ɲoma/ ngam /ŋam/ kə-jam /kəjam/
Moon sɯlɑ /sɯlɑ/ la /lə/ ɬɑ31 /ɬɑ˧˩/ e55lɑ55 /e˥˥lɑ˥˥/ ɬapʰɛ /ɬapʰɛ/ lanyingam /laɲiŋam/ tsə la /tsəla/
Star ɡumjɛt /ɡumjɛt/ kɯr /kɯr/ kɹe31lɔ35 /kɹe˧˩lɔ˧˥/ ɑ55nde55kɹu55 /ɑ˥˥ⁿde˥˥kɹu˥˥/ tʂɿ /tʂɿ/ karma /kaɾma/ tsəu ri /tsəuri/
Night ɟɑdɯŋ /ɟɑ˥˥dɯŋ˥˧/ yak /jak/ suɑʴ35nɑ35 /suɑ˞˧˥nɑ˧˥/ ɑ31boŋ55tioŋ55 /ɑ˧˩boŋ˥˥tioŋ˥˥/ nkhua /nkʰua˥˥/ binang /binaŋ/ tə-mor /təmor/
Rain nɑm /nɑm/ — mɯ55ɑ31ɹuɑ55 /mɯ˥˥ɑ˧˩ɹuɑ˥˥/ ɑ31ɹɑ55 /ɑ˧˩ɹɑ˥˥/ guɑ /ɡuɑ˧˧/ ngamsu /ŋamsu/ tə-mu /təmu/
Snow tɯwɑn /tɯwɑn/ — vɑ55 /vɑ˥˥/ poŋ35 /poŋ˧˥/ zɿ /zɿ/ phom /pʰom/ ta-jpa /tajpa/
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