Irish English
Indo-European (Germanic, West)
Irish English, often called Hiberno-English, comprises the English varieties spoken in the Republic of Ireland and related varieties on the island. Under Article 8 of Ireland’s Constitution, Irish is the national and first official language, while English is recognized as a second official language; in everyday life, English is used by most of the population. Centuries of contact with Irish and with English and Scots settlement varieties helped shape its regional grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary. Well-known features include the after-perfect, as in “I’m after eating,” Irish-influenced cleft constructions, and dental or alveolar realizations of English /θ/ and /ð/, though none occurs uniformly everywhere. Dublin, eastern, southern, western, and northern speech differ substantially, and contemporary usage ranges from strongly local forms to supraregional Irish English.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Irish English
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Germanic, West)
| Meaning | Irish English | West Country English | English | Mancunian English | Geordie | Welsh English | Yorkshire English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | water /ˈwɑːtəɹ/ | water /ˈwɔːtɚ/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtɐ/ | water /ˈwɔːtɐ/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ |
| Fire | fire /fɑɪəɹ/ | fire /faɪɚ/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ |
| Sun | sun /sʊn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʊn/ | sun /sʊn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʊn/ |
| Moon | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ |
| Star | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ |
| Night | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ |
| Rain | rain /ɾeːn/ | rain /ɹeɪn/ | rain /ɹeɪn/ | rain /ɹeɪn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɾeɪn/ | rain /ɹeɪn/ |
| Snow | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snoʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snoʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ |
| Wind | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ |
| Earth | earth /ɜːɹθ/ | earth /ɝθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ |
| Stone | stone /stoʊn/ | stone /stəʊn/ | stone /stoʊn/ | stone /stɒʊn/ | stone /stɔːn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoːn/ |
| Mountain | mountain /ˈmaʊntən/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntən/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmuːntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ |
| Sea | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ |
| Mother | mother /ˈmʊðəɹ/ | mother /ˈmʌðɚ/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʊðɐ/ | mother /ˈmʊðɐ/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʊðə/ |
| Father | father /ˈfɑːðəɹ/ | father /ˈvɑːðɚ/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfaːðɐ/ | father /ˈfaːðɐ/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ |
| Daughter | daughter /ˈdɒːtəɹ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtɚ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtɐ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtɐ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ |
| I | I /ɑɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aː/ |
| You | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ |
| We | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ |
| Name | name /neːm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ |
| Person | person /ˈpɜːɹsən/ | person /ˈpɝsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ |
| Head | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ |
| Eye | eye /ɑɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ |
| Ear | ear /iːɹ/ | ear /ɪɚ/ | ear /ɪɚ/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /iːə/ | ear /ɪɹ/ |
| Nose | nose /noːz/ | nose /nəʊz/ | nose /noʊz/ | nose /nəʊz/ | nose /niəz/ | nose /noʊz/ | nose /noʊz/ |
| Mouth | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /muːθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ |
| Tooth | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ |
| Tongue | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ |
| Hand | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ | hand /and/ |
| Foot | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ |
| Heart | heart /hɑːɹt/ | heart /hɑːɹt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ |
| Bone | bone /boʊn/ | bone /bəʊn/ | bone /boʊn/ | bone /bɒʊn/ | bone /bɔːn/ | bone /boːn/ | bone /boːn/ |
| Blood | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʊd/ | blood /blʊd/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʊd/ |
| Poop | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ | poop /puːp/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ |
| Love | love /lʊv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʊv/ | love /lʊv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʊv/ |
| Tree | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ |
| Dog | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ |
| Cat | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kʰat/ | cat /kat/ |
| Fish | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ |
| Bird | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːɹd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ |
| Butterfly | butterfly /ˈbʊtəɹflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtɚflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflaɪ/ |
| Egg | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ |
| Bear | bear /bɛɹ/ | bear /bɛɹ/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛː/ | bear /bɛə/ |
| Horse | horse /hɔɹs/ | horse /hɔːɹs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /ɔːs/ |
| House | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /huːs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /aʊs/ |
| Milk | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ |
| Honey | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ |
| Salt | salt /sɒlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ |
| Wine | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ |
| Rice | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ |
| Chocolate | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ |
| Iron | iron /ˈɑɪəɹn/ | iron /ˈaɪɚn/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ |
| Wheel | wheel /ʍiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ |
| Silk | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ |
| Book | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ |
| Eat | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ |
| Drink | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ |
| Sleep | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ |
| One | one /wʊn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʊn/ | one /wʊn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wɒn/ |
| Two | two /tˠuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ |
| Three | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ |
| Four | four /foːɹ/ | four /fɔːɹ/ | four /fɔːɹ/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ |
| Five | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ |
| Hundred | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɾəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ |
| Hello | hello /hɛˈloː/ | hello /hɛˈloʊ/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | hello /həˈlɔʊ/ | hello /həˈloː/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | ey up /eɪ ʊp/ |
| Thank you | thanks /taŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | thank you /θæŋk juː/ | ta /taː/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | ta /tɑː/ |
| Good | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ |
| New | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /nɪʊ/ | new /njuː/ |
| Red | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɾɛd/ | red /rɛd/ |
| White | white /ʍaɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ |
| Black | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blæk/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ |
| Green | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɾiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ |
| Blue | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /blɪʊ/ | blue /bluː/ |
| Cuckoo | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ |
| Woof | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ |
| Cock-a-doodle-doo | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ |
| Computer | computer /kəmˈpjuːtəɾ/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtɚ/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpɪʊtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuːʃiː/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃɪ/ |
| Tea | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ |
| Coffee | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ |
| Sugar | sugar /ˈʃʊɡəɹ/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡɚ/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡɐ/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡɐ/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ |
| Orange | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɾɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒrɪndʒ/ |
| Ninety-nine | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ |
| Dopamine | dopamine /ˈdoʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ |
| At sign | at /at/ | at /at/ | at /æt/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | at /at/ |
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