Esperanto
Constructed (a posteriori)
Also known as: Esperanto
Esperanto (ISO 639-3: epo) is the most widely used planned international auxiliary language. Ludwik Zamenhof published its first textbook, Unua Libro, in 1887 under the name Doktoro Esperanto, and the Fundamento de Esperanto of 1905 remains its authoritative foundation. Its 28-letter Latin alphabet includes ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ; spelling is highly phonemic and stress normally falls on the penultimate syllable. The grammar uses regular endings and productive affixes: nouns end in -o, adjectives in -a, derived adverbs in -e, and -n marks the accusative, allowing relatively flexible word order. Its vocabulary is chiefly European, with major Romance and Germanic sources and some Slavic influence; Esperanto has a worldwide speech community, native-acquiring speakers, original literature, music, and international congresses, but no country makes it a nationwide official language.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Esperanto
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Constructed (a posteriori)
| Meaning | Esperanto | Ido | Interlingue | Interlingua | Dante-era Italian | Venetian | Corsican |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | akvo /ˈakvo/ | aquo /ˈakwo/ | aqua /ˈakwa/ | aqua /akwa/ | acqua /ˈakːwa/ | aqua /ˈakwa/ | acqua /ˈakwa/ |
| Fire | fajro /ˈfajro/ | fairo /faˈiro/ | foy /foj/ | foco /fɔko/ | foco /ˈfɔko/ | fogo /ˈfoɡo/ | focu /ˈfɔku/ |
| Sun | suno /ˈsuno/ | suno /ˈsuno/ | sole /ˈsole/ | sol /sɔl/ | sole /ˈsole/ | sol /sol/ | sole /ˈsɔle/ |
| Moon | luno /ˈluno/ | luno /ˈluno/ | lune /ˈlune/ | luna /luna/ | luna /ˈluna/ | łuna /ˈuna/ | luna /ˈluna/ |
| Star | stelo /ˈstelo/ | stelo /ˈstelo/ | stelle /ˈstele/ | stella /ˈstɛla/ | stella /ˈstella/ | stela /ˈstela/ | stella /ˈstella/ |
| Night | nokto /ˈnokto/ | nokto /ˈnokto/ | nocte /ˈnokte/ | nocte /ˈnokte/ | notte /ˈnotte/ | note /ˈnɔte/ | notte /ˈnɔtːe/ |
| Rain | pluvo /ˈpluvo/ | pluvo /ˈpluvo/ | pluvie /ˈpluvie/ | pluvia /ˈpluvia/ | piova /ˈpjɔːva/ | piova /ˈpjɔva/ | pioggia /ˈpjɔdʒa/ |
| Snow | neĝo /ˈnedʒo/ | nivo /ˈnivo/ | nive /ˈnive/ | nive /nive/ | neve /ˈneve/ | neve /neve/ | neve /ˈneve/ |
| Wind | vento /ˈvento/ | vento /ˈvento/ | vent /vent/ | vento /ˈvento/ | vento /ˈvɛnto/ | vento /ˈvento/ | ventu /ˈventu/ |
| Earth | tero /ˈtero/ | tero /ˈtero/ | terre /ˈtere/ | terra /ˈtɛra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | tera /ˈtɛra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ |
| Stone | ŝtono /ˈʃtono/ | petro /ˈpetro/ | petre /ˈpetre/ | petra /ˈpetra/ | pietra /ˈpjɛtra/ | piera /ˈpjɛra/ | petra /ˈpɛtra/ |
| Mountain | monto /ˈmonto/ | monto /ˈmonto/ | monte /ˈmonte/ | montania /monˈtania/ | montagna /monˈtaɲɲa/ | montagna /monˈtaɲa/ | muntagna /munˈtaɲɲa/ |
| Sea | maro /ˈmaro/ | maro /ˈmaro/ | mar /mar/ | mar /mar/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mar /mar/ | mare /ˈmare/ |
| Mother | patrino /paˈtrino/ | matro /ˈmatro/ | matre /ˈmatre/ | matre /matre/ | madre /ˈmaːdre/ | mare /ˈmare/ | mamma /ˈmamma/ |
| Father | patro /ˈpatro/ | patro /ˈpatro/ | patre /ˈpatre/ | patre /patre/ | padre /ˈpaːdre/ | pare /pare/ | babbu /ˈbabːu/ |
| Daughter | filino /fiˈlino/ | filiino /filiˈino/ | filia /ˈfilia/ | filia /ˈfilia/ | figlia /ˈfiʎʎa/ | fioła /ˈfjɔe̯a/ | figliola /fiʎˈʎola/ |
| I | mi /mi/ | me /me/ | yo /jo/ | io /ˈio/ | io /ˈio/ | mi /mi/ | eiu /ˈɛju/ |
| You | vi /vi/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | ti /ti/ | tù /tu/ |
| We | ni /ni/ | ni /ni/ | noi /noi/ | nos /nos/ | noi /ˈnoi/ | noaltri /noˈaltri/ | noi /ˈnoi/ |
| Name | nomo /ˈnomo/ | nomo /ˈnomo/ | nómine /ˈnomine/ | nomine /ˈnomine/ | nome /ˈnoːme/ | nome /ˈnome/ | nome /ˈnome/ |
| Person | homo /ˈhomo/ | persono /perˈsono/ | person /perˈson/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ | persona /perˈsona/ |
| Head | kapo /ˈkapo/ | kapo /ˈkapo/ | cap /kap/ | capite /ˈkapite/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | tèsta /ˈtɛsta/ | capu /ˈkapu/ |
| Eye | okulo /oˈkulo/ | okulo /oˈkulo/ | ocul /ˈokul/ | oculo /okulo/ | occhio /ˈɔkːjo/ | ocio /ɔtʃo/ | ochju /ˈɔcu/ |
| Ear | orelo /oˈrelo/ | orelo /oˈrelo/ | orel /oˈrel/ | aure /ˈawre/ | orecchio /oˈrɛkkjo/ | récia /ˈretʃa/ | arechja /aˈrɛca/ |
| Nose | nazo /ˈnazo/ | nazo /ˈnazo/ | nase /ˈnaze/ | naso /ˈnazo/ | naso /ˈnaso/ | naxo /ˈnazo/ | nasu /ˈnazu/ |
| Mouth | buŝo /ˈbuʃo/ | boko /ˈboko/ | bocca /ˈbokka/ | bucca /ˈbuka/ | bocca /ˈbokka/ | boca /ˈboka/ | bocca /ˈbɔkka/ |
| Tooth | dento /ˈdento/ | dento /ˈdento/ | dent /dent/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdente/ | dente /ˈdɛnte/ |
| Tongue | lango /ˈlanɡo/ | lango /ˈlaŋɡo/ | lingue /ˈliŋɡue/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | léngua /ˈleŋɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ |
| Hand | mano /ˈmano/ | manuo /ˈmanuo/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | mano /mano/ | mano /ˈmano/ | man /man/ | manu /ˈmanu/ |
| Foot | piedo /piˈedo/ | pedo /ˈpedo/ | pede /ˈpede/ | pede /pede/ | piede /ˈpjɛde/ | pìe /ˈpie/ | pede /ˈpɛde/ |
| Heart | koro /ˈkoro/ | kordio /ˈkordio/ | cordie /ˈkordie/ | corde /kɔrde/ | core /ˈkɔre/ | cor /kɔr/ | core /ˈkɔre/ |
| Bone | osto /ˈosto/ | osto /ˈosto/ | osse /ˈosse/ | osso /ˈosso/ | osso /ˈɔsːo/ | oso /ˈɔso/ | ossu /ˈɔssu/ |
| Blood | sango /ˈsanɡo/ | sango /ˈsaŋɡo/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡue/ | sanguine /sanˈɡwine/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ |
| Poop | kako /ˈkako/ | feko /ˈfeko/ | — | caca /ˈkaka/ | merda /ˈmɛrda/ | caca /ˈkaka/ | caca /ˈkaka/ |
| Love | amo /ˈamo/ | amoro /aˈmoro/ | amore /aˈmore/ | amor /amor/ | amore /aˈmore/ | amor /amor/ | amore /aˈmɔre/ |
| Tree | arbo /ˈarbo/ | arboro /arˈboro/ | árbor /ˈarbor/ | arbore /arbore/ | albero /ˈalbero/ | àlbaro /ˈalbaro/ | arburu /ˈarburu/ |
| Dog | hundo /ˈhundo/ | hundo /ˈhundo/ | cane /ˈkane/ | can /kan/ | cane /ˈkane/ | can /kaŋ/ | cane /ˈkane/ |
| Cat | kato /ˈkato/ | kato /ˈkato/ | cat /kat/ | catto /katto/ | gatto /ˈɡatːo/ | gato /ˈɡato/ | ghjattu /ˈɟattu/ |
| Fish | fiŝo /ˈfiʃo/ | fisho /ˈfiʃo/ | pisc /pisk/ | pisce /ˈpiʃe/ | pesce /ˈpeʃʃe/ | pesse /ˈpese/ | pesciu /ˈpeʃu/ |
| Bird | birdo /ˈbirdo/ | ucelo /uˈtselo/ | avie /ˈavie/ | ave /ˈave/ | uccello /utˈtʃɛlːo/ | oxeło /oˈzeo/ | uccellu /utˈtʃɛllu/ |
| Butterfly | papilio /papiˈlio/ | papiliono /papiliˈono/ | papilion /papiliˈon/ | papilion /papiliˈon/ | farfalla /farˈfalla/ | pavegia /paˈvedʒa/ | farfalla /farˈfalla/ |
| Egg | ovo /ˈovo/ | ovo /ˈovo/ | ove /ˈove/ | ovo /ˈovo/ | uovo /ˈwɔːvo/ | vovo /ˈvɔvo/ | ovu /ˈɔvu/ |
| Bear | urso /ˈurso/ | urso /ˈurso/ | urso /ˈurso/ | urso /ˈurso/ | orso /ˈorso/ | orso /ˈorso/ | orsu /ˈorsu/ |
| Horse | ĉevalo /tʃeˈvalo/ | kavalo /kaˈvalo/ | cavalle /kaˈvale/ | cavallo /kaˈvalo/ | cavallo /kaˈvallo/ | caval /kaˈval/ | cavallu /kaˈvallu/ |
| House | domo /ˈdomo/ | domo /ˈdomo/ | dom /dom/ | casa /kasa/ | casa /ˈkasa/ | caxa /ˈkaza/ | casa /ˈkaza/ |
| Milk | lakto /ˈlakto/ | lakto /ˈlakto/ | lacte /ˈlakte/ | lacte /ˈlakte/ | latte /ˈlatte/ | late /ˈlate/ | latte /ˈlatte/ |
| Honey | mielo /miˈelo/ | mielo /ˈmi̯elo/ | miel /miˈel/ | melle /ˈmɛle/ | miele /ˈmjɛːle/ | miel /mjɛl/ | mele /ˈmɛle/ |
| Salt | salo /ˈsalo/ | salo /ˈsalo/ | sale /ˈsale/ | sal /sal/ | sale /ˈsale/ | sal /sal/ | sale /ˈsale/ |
| Wine | vino /ˈvino/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vin /vin/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vino /ˈvino/ | vin /viŋ/ | vinu /ˈvinu/ |
| Rice | rizo /ˈrizo/ | rizo /ˈrizo/ | ris /ris/ | ris /ris/ | — | rixo /ˈrizo/ | risu /ˈrizu/ |
| Chocolate | ĉokolado /tʃokoˈlado/ | chokolado /tʃokoˈlado/ | chocolate /ʃokoˈlate/ | chocolate /tʃokoˈlate/ | — | ciocolata /tʃokoˈlata/ | cicculata /tʃikkuˈlata/ |
| Iron | fero /ˈfero/ | fero /ˈfero/ | ferre /ˈfere/ | ferro /ˈfɛrro/ | ferro /ˈfɛrro/ | fero /ˈfɛro/ | ferru /ˈfɛrru/ |
| Wheel | rado /ˈrado/ | roto /ˈroto/ | rote /ˈrote/ | rota /ˈrɔta/ | rota /ˈrɔta/ | roda /ˈrɔda/ | rota /ˈrɔta/ |
| Silk | silko /ˈsilko/ | silko /ˈsilko/ | seta /ˈseta/ | seta /ˈseta/ | — | seda /ˈseda/ | seta /ˈseta/ |
| Book | libro /ˈlibro/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libre /ˈlibre/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | libru /ˈlibru/ |
| Eat | manĝi /ˈmandʒi/ | manjar /manˈʒar/ | manjar /manˈʒar/ | manducar /mandukar/ | mangiare /manˈdʒare/ | magnàr /maˈɲar/ | manghjà /manˈɟa/ |
| Drink | trinki /ˈtrinki/ | drinkar /drinˈkar/ | trincar /trinˈkar/ | biber /biber/ | bevere /ˈbevere/ | bévar /ˈbevar/ | beie /ˈbeje/ |
| Sleep | dormi /ˈdormi/ | dormar /dorˈmar/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ | dormire /dorˈmire/ | dormir /dorˈmir/ | durmì /durˈmi/ |
| One | unu /ˈunu/ | un /un/ | un /un/ | un /un/ | uno /ˈuno/ | un /un/ | unu /ˈunu/ |
| Two | du /du/ | du /du/ | du /du/ | duo /ˈduo/ | due /ˈduːe/ | do /do/ | dui /ˈdui/ |
| Three | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | tres /tres/ | tre /tre/ | tre /tre/ | trè /trɛ/ |
| Four | kvar /kvar/ | quar /kwar/ | quar /kwar/ | quatro /ˈkwatro/ | quattro /ˈkwatːro/ | quatro /ˈkwatro/ | quattru /ˈkwatːru/ |
| Five | kvin /kvin/ | kin /kin/ | quin /kwin/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ | sìnque /ˈsiŋkwe/ | cinque /ˈtʃiŋkwe/ |
| Hundred | cent /tsent/ | cent /tsent/ | cent /tsent/ | cento /ˈtʃento/ | cento /ˈtʃɛnto/ | sento /ˈsento/ | centu /ˈtʃɛntu/ |
| Hello | saluton /saˈluton/ | saluto /saˈluto/ | salute /saˈlute/ | salute /salute/ | salute /saˈlute/ | ciao /tʃao/ | salute /saˈlute/ |
| Thank you | dankon /ˈdankon/ | danko /ˈdanko/ | mersí /merˈsi/ | gratias /ɡratias/ | mercede /merˈtʃede/ | grassie /ɡrasje/ | grazie /ˈɡratsje/ |
| Good | bona /ˈbona/ | bona /ˈbona/ | bon /bon/ | bon /bon/ | buono /ˈbwɔno/ | bon /bon/ | bonu /ˈbɔnu/ |
| New | nova /ˈnova/ | nova /ˈnova/ | nov /nov/ | nove /ˈnove/ | novo /ˈnɔvo/ | novo /ˈnovo/ | novu /ˈnɔvu/ |
| Red | ruĝa /ˈrudʒa/ | reda /ˈreda/ | rubi /ˈrubi/ | rubie /ˈrubie/ | rosso /ˈrosso/ | róso /ˈroso/ | rossu /ˈrossu/ |
| White | blanka /ˈblanka/ | blanka /ˈblanka/ | blanc /blaŋk/ | blanc /blaŋk/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ | biancu /ˈbjaŋku/ |
| Black | nigra /ˈniɡra/ | nigra /ˈniɡra/ | nigri /ˈniɡri/ | nigre /ˈniɡre/ | nero /ˈnero/ | negro /ˈneɡro/ | neru /ˈneru/ |
| Green | verda /ˈverda/ | verda /ˈverda/ | verd /verd/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ | verde /ˈverde/ |
| Blue | blua /ˈblua/ | blua /ˈblua/ | blu /blu/ | blau /blau/ | — | — | turchinu /turˈkinu/ |
| Cuckoo | kukolo /kuˈkolo/ | kukulo /kuˈkulo/ | cucú /kuˈku/ | cucu /ˈkuku/ | cucco /ˈkukko/ | cucù /kuˈku/ | cuccu /ˈkukku/ |
| Woof | boj boj /boj boj/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Computer | komputilo /kompuˈtilo/ | komputero /kompuˈtero/ | computator /komputaˈtor/ | computator /komputaˈtor/ | abbaco /abˈbaːko/ | computer /komˈpjuter/ | urdinatore /urdinaˈtore/ |
| Wi-Fi | vifio /viˈfio/ | wifio /ˈwifio/ | — | — | — | Wi-Fi | — |
| Sushi | suŝio /suˈʃio/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | — | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | tonnina /tonˈniːna/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | teo /ˈteo/ | teo /ˈteo/ | té /te/ | the /te/ | — | tè /tɛ/ | tè /tɛ/ |
| Coffee | kafo /ˈkafo/ | kafeo /kaˈfeo/ | café /kaˈfe/ | caffe /ˈkafe/ | — | cafè /kaˈfɛ/ | caffè /kafˈfɛ/ |
| Sugar | sukero /suˈkero/ | sukro /ˈsukro/ | sucre /ˈsukre/ | sucro /ˈsukro/ | — | sùcaro /ˈsukaro/ | zuccheru /ˈdzukkeru/ |
| Orange | oranĝo /oˈrandʒo/ | oranjo /oˈranʒo/ | orange /oˈranʒe/ | orange /oˈrandʒe/ | arancia /aˈrantʃa/ | naranza /naˈraŋsa/ | aranciu /aˈrantʃu/ |
| Ninety-nine | naŭdek naŭ /ˈnaudek ˈnau/ | — | — | — | — | novantanove /novantaˈnove/ | nuvanta nove /nuˈvanta ˈnɔve/ |
| Dopamine | dopamino /dopaˈmino/ | dopamino /dopaˈmino/ | — | dopamina /dopaˈmina/ | — | — | — |
| At sign | heliko /heˈliko/ | arobo /aˈrobo/ | — | — | — | — | ciuvodda /tʃuˈvɔɖɖa/ |
| Internet laughter | mdr /mo do ro/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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