ግዕዝ

Ge'ez

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Ethio-Semitic, Northern) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Ethio-Semitic, Northern) SpeakersLiturgical ScriptEthiopic (Ge'ez fidäl, the abugida it gave its name to) CountriesAksumite Empire Official inAksumite Empire (4th-7th c. CE); Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church liturgy Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3gez

Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz) is the South Semitic Ethio-Semitic language of the Aksumite Empire (4th-7th c. CE) of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea — possibly the oldest Christian liturgical language still in regular use. Native L1 transmission ended around the 10th-13th centuries as it was succeeded by the modern Ethio-Semitic languages Tigrinya (ti), Amharic (am), and Tigre (tig), but Ge'ez has continued unbroken as the liturgical language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches and the Ethiopian Catholic Church. The Ge'ez fidäl abugida (the Ethiopic script) gave its name to the modern Ethiopic script family. Major texts include the Bible (translated 4th-7th c.), the Book of Enoch (preserved only in Ge'ez), the Kebra Nagast.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Ge'ez

Water

ማይ

maːj

Fire

እሳት

ʔəsaːt

Sun

ፀሐይ

sˤaħaj

Moon

ወርኅ

warχ

Star

ኮከብ

kokab

Night

ሌሊት

leːlit

Rain

ዝናም

zenam

Snow

ሐመዳ

ħamadaː

Wind

ነፋስ

nafas

Earth

ምድር

mədr

Stone

እብን

ʔəbn

Mountain

ደብር

dabr

Sea

ባሕር

baːħr

Mother

እም

ʔəmm

Father

አብ

ʔab

Daughter

ወለት

walat

I

አነ

ʔana

You

አንተ

ʔanta

We

ንሕነ

nəħna

Name

ስም

səm

Person

ሰብእ

səbʔ

Head

ርእስ

rəʔs

Eye

ዐይን

ʕajn

Ear

እዝን

ʔezn

Nose

አንፍ

ʔanf

Mouth

አፍ

ʔaf

Tooth

ስን

sənː

Tongue

ልሳን

ləsaːn

Hand

እድ

ʔəd

Foot

እግር

ʔəɡr

Heart

ልብ

ləbb

Bone

ዐፅም

ʕasˤm

Blood

ደም

dam

Poop

ኵስሕ

kʷəsħ

Love

አፍቀረ

ʔafqara

Tree

ዕፅ

ʕasˤ

Dog

ከልብ

kalb

Cat

ድሙ

dəmmu

Fish

ዓሣ

ʕaʃaː

Bird

ዖፍ

ʕoːf

Egg

አንቆቅሆ

ʔanqoqəho

Bear

ድብ

dəbb

Horse

ፈረስ

faras

House

ቤት

beːt

Milk

ሐሊብ

ħaliːb

Honey

መዓር

maʕaːr

Salt

ጼው

sˤeːw

Wine

ወይን

wɐjn

Rice

ራዛ

raːzaː

Iron

ኀጺን

ħasˤin

Wheel

መንኰራኵር

mankʷaraːkʷər

Silk

ሐሪር

ħariːr

Book

መጽሐፍ

mɐtsʼħɐf

Eat

በልዐ

balʕa

Drink

ሰትየ

satja

Sleep

ኖመ

noːma

One

አሐዱ

ʔaħadu

Two

ክልኤ

kəlʔeː

Three

ሠለስቱ

ʃalastu

Four

አርባዕቱ

ʔarbaʕtu

Five

ኀምስቱ

xaməstu

Hundred

ምእት

məʔət

Hello

ሰላም

salaːm

Thank you

ምስጋና

məsɡaːnaː

Good

ሠናይ

sanaːj

New

ሐዲስ

ħaddis

Red

ቀይሕ

qajːəħ

White

ጸዓዳ

sˤaʕaːdaː

Black

ጸሊም

sˤalːim

Green

ሐመልሚል

ħamalmiːl

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Ethio-Semitic, Northern)

Meaning Ge'ezTigreSabaeanTigrinyaQuranic ArabicPunicModern Standard Arabic
Water ማይ /maːj/ ማይ /maj/ 𐩣𐩥 /maw/ ማይ /maj/ ماء /maːʔ/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ ماء /maːʔ/
Fire እሳት /ʔəsaːt/ እሳት /ʔəssat/ 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ ሓዊ /ħawi/ نار /naːr/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ نار /naːr/
Sun ፀሐይ /sˤaħaj/ ጸሓይ /tsʼəħaj/ 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ ጸሓይ /tsʼəħaj/ شمس /ʃams/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ شمس /ʃams/
Moon ወርኅ /warχ/ ወርሕ /warəħ/ 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warχ/ ወርሒ /wərħi/ قمر /qamar/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ قمر /qamar/
Star ኮከብ /kokab/ ኮከብ /kokəb/ 𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨 /kabkab/ ኮኸብ /koˈxəb/ نجم /nadʒm/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ نجم /nadʒm/
Night ሌሊት /leːlit/ ላሊ /lali/ 𐩡𐩺𐩡 /lajl/ ለይቲ /lɐjti/ ليل /lajl/ 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ ليل /lajl/
Rain ዝናም /zenam/ ዝለም /zaləm/ 𐩹𐩬𐩣 /ðanam/ ዝናብ /zɨnab/ مطر /matˤar/ 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ مطر /matˤar/
Snow ሐመዳ /ħamadaː/ ዕጥብ በረድ /ʕətʼəb barad/ — ውርጪ /wɨrtʃʼi/ ثلج /θaldʒ/ — ثلج /θalʒ/
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