Ixil
Mayan (Mamean, Greater Mamean — Ixilan)
Ixil is a Mamean Mayan language of the Cuchumatanes mountains in northwestern Guatemala, spoken in the three towns Nebaj, Chajul, and San Juan Cotzal known as the "Ixil Triangle". The Ixil people were among the most heavily targeted communities during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960-1996); approximately 5.5% of the Ixil population were killed during the early-1980s genocide under General Ríos Montt — convicted of genocide against the Ixil in 2013 (verdict overturned but conviction historically affirmed). Three principal varieties: Nebaj (most documented), Chajul, and Cotzal. Ergative-absolutive alignment, complex aspectual verb morphology.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Ixil
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mayan (Mamean, Greater Mamean — Ixilan)
| Meaning | Ixil | Aguacateco | Uspanteko | Kaqchikel | Mam | Kʼicheʼ | Q'anjob'al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | aʼ /aʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fire | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | qʼaq /qʼaq/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ |
| Sun | qʼii /qʼiː/ | qʼijl /qʼihl/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼih/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | kʼuʼ /kʼuʔ/ |
| Moon | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ | xahaw /ʃahaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | xjaw /ʃaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ixaw /iʂaw/ |
| Star | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ | chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | txʼumel /ʈʂʼumel/ |
| Night | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼalil /aqʼɓalil/ |
| Rain | jabʼal /haɓal/ | abʼal /aɓal/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | jbʼal /ʃɓal/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | nabʼ /naɓ/ |
| Snow | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ | — | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | saq tew /saq tew/ | chew /tʃew/ |
| Wind | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ | kyeqʼeqʼ /kjeqʼeqʼ/ | tew /tew/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | kyqʼiqʼ /kʲqʼiqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kaqʼeʼ /kaqʼeʔ/ |
| Earth | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /uleːw/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | ulew /ulew/ | txʼotxʼ /ʈʂʼoʈʂʼ/ |
| Stone | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | chʼen /tʃʼen/ |
| Mountain | vitz /vits/ | witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | wutz /wuts/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | witz /wits/ |
| Sea | mar /mar/ | pitzʼpuj aʼ /pitsʼpuh aʔ/ | mar /mar/ | palow /palow/ | plow /plow/ | plo /plo/ | txutxaʼ /ʈʂuʈʂaʔ/ |
| Mother | naʼ /naʔ/ | naa /naː/ | nan /nan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | mim /mim/ |
| Father | baʼ /baʔ/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | mam /mam/ |
| Daughter | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | kutzʼin /kutsʼin/ |
| I | in /in/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | rïn /rɪn/ | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | in /in/ | ayin /ʔajin/ |
| You | axh /aʃ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | at /at/ | rat /rat/ | aya /aˈja/ | at /at/ | hach /hatʃ/ |
| We | oʼ /oʔ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | oj /ox/ | röj /rʊx/ | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | uj /ux/ | ayonh /ʔajoŋ/ |
| Name | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼi /ɓi/ |
| Person | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ | wunaq /wunaq/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | winaq /winaq/ | anima /anima/ |
| Head | viʼ /viʔ/ | wiʼaj /wiʔah/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | jolom /xolom/ | wiʼ /wiʔ/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ |
| Eye | vusal /vusal/ | witzʼ /witsʼ/ | wach /watʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | witz /wits/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | sat /sat/ |
| Ear | xikin /ʃikin/ | xhchin /ʃtʃin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xkyin /ʃkʲin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | txikin /ʈʂikin/ |
| Nose | juʼ /χuʔ/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | txaʼn /tʃaʔn/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | txam /ʈʂam/ |
| Mouth | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | tziʼaj /tsiʔah/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ |
| Tooth | eh /eh/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | e /e/ | ey /ej/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | ware /waɾe/ | eʼ /eʔ/ |
| Tongue | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Hand | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ |
| Foot | oj /oχ/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqän /aqən/ | qan /qan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ |
| Heart | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ | kʼuum /kʼuːm/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | anma /anma/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼulul /kʼulul/ |
| Bone | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Blood | kaq /kaq/ | chichʼ /tʃitʃʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ |
| Poop | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | — | — | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | achaq /atʃaq/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ |
| Love | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ | xajan /ʃahan/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | oqxan /oqʃan/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | kamkʼulal /kamkʼulal/ |
| Tree | tze /tse/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Dog | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /ʈʂʼiʔ/ |
| Cat | mees /meːs/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mes /mes/ | wiix /wiːʃ/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mes /mes/ |
| Fish | chay /tʃaj/ | kay /kaj/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | kar /kaɾ/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Bird | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼuʼl /tʃʼuʔl/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼit /tʃʼit/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Butterfly | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ | slup /slup/ | — | palamax /palamaʃ/ | pakaʼl /pakaʔl/ | pepe /pepe/ | tzolol /tsolol/ |
| Egg | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | jos /xos/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | jos /xos/ |
| Bear | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ |
| Horse | kaay /kaːj/ | chej /tʃeh/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | kej /kex/ | chej /tʃex/ | kej /kex/ | chej /tʃex/ |
| House | kabʼal /kaɓal/ | nya /ɲa/ | jaa /haː/ | jay /xaj/ | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | na /na/ |
| Milk | chʼuʼ /tʃʼuʔ/ | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | taʼl imaj /taʔl imax/ | leche /letʃe/ | — |
| Honey | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | taʼl xiiʼ /taʔl ʃiːʔ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | yalkabʼ /jalkaɓ/ |
| Salt | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | aatzʼum /aːtsʼum/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Wine | vino /ˈbino/ | win /win/ | vin /bin/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ |
| Rice | arus /arus/ | arros /aros/ | — | arroz /aˈros/ | arros /aros/ | arroz /aros/ | — |
| Iron | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kxbʼil /kʃɓil/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | — |
| Silk | seda /ˈseda/ | — | — | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /seda/ | xela /ʃela/ | — |
| Book | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ | liwr /liwr/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | wuj /wux/ | uʼjbʼil /uʔxɓil/ | wuj /wux/ | un /un/ |
| Eat | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ | wii /wiː/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | waan /waːn/ | tijow /tixow/ | lo /lo/ |
| Drink | ucha /utʃa/ | uuk /uːk/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | kumun /kumun/ | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | uku /uku/ |
| Sleep | wat /wat/ | watl /waːtl/ | war /war/ | war /war/ | ktan /ktan/ | war /waɾ/ | way /waj/ |
| One | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ | kaʼwutz /kaʔwuts/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Three | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ | oxox /oʃoʃ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxebʼ /oʂeɓ/ |
| Four | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ | kyaj /kjah/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kyaje /kjaxe/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kanebʼ /kaneɓ/ |
| Five | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | oyebʼ /ojeɓ/ |
| Hundred | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | okʼal /okʼal/ |
| Hello | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ | kʼamta /kʼamta/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | kawal /kawal/ |
| Thank you | tantixh /tantiʃ/ | tixwajʼ /tiʃwahʼ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | yuhwal /juhwal/ |
| Good | utzʼ /utsʼ/ | balaj /balah/ | tzi /tsi/ | ütz /ʊts/ | banix /baniʃ/ | utz /uts/ | watxʼ /waʈʂʼ/ |
| New | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼaj /aːkʼah/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | akʼaj /akʼax/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Red | kaq /kaq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | käq /kəq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| White | saj /saχ/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ |
| Black | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Green | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | yax /jaʂ/ |
| Sugar | asukaal /asukaːl/ | — | — | kʼajkabʼ /kʼaxkaɓ/ | azúcar /aˈsukar/ | asukal /asukal/ | — |
| Ninety-nine | bʼelelaval toʼkʼal /ɓelelaʋal toʔkʼal/ | jun mutxʼ tu belujlaj /hun muʈʂʼ tu beluhlah/ | junmuchʼ bʼelejlajuj /hunmutʃʼ ɓelexlaxux/ | — | — | junmuchʼ bʼelej lajuj /xunmutʃʼ ɓelex laxux/ | — |
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