Qyool Mam
Mam
Mayan (Mamean, Greater Mamean)
Mam is the fourth-largest Mayan language, after K'iche', Q'eqchi', and Yucatec, spoken by ~530K in Guatemala's western highlands (Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Quetzaltenango) and across the Mexican border in Chiapas. Eastern Mayan branch (Greater Mamean), sister to Awakatek and Ixil. Highly conservative phonology preserving the rare uvular contrast /q/-/q'/ and an ejective series. Verbal morphology features ergative-absolutive marking with split-ergativity in incompletive aspect. Standardized Latin orthography (1987 Acuerdos de la Paz).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Mam
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mayan (Mamean, Greater Mamean)
| Meaning | Mam | Aguacateco | Kʼicheʼ | Ixil | Kaqchikel | Q'anjob'al | Uspanteko |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | aʼ /aʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fire | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaq /qʼaq/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ |
| Sun | qʼij /qʼih/ | qʼijl /qʼihl/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼii /qʼiː/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | kʼuʼ /kʼuʔ/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ |
| Moon | xjaw /ʃaw/ | xahaw /ʃahaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ixaw /iʂaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Star | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | txʼumel /ʈʂʼumel/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ |
| Night | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | aqʼbʼalil /aqʼɓalil/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ |
| Rain | jbʼal /ʃɓal/ | abʼal /aɓal/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jabʼal /haɓal/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | nabʼ /naɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ |
| Snow | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | — | saq tew /saq tew/ | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | chew /tʃew/ | chun tew /tʃun tew/ |
| Wind | kyqʼiqʼ /kʲqʼiqʼ/ | kyeqʼeqʼ /kjeqʼeqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | kaqʼeʼ /kaqʼeʔ/ | tew /tew/ |
| Earth | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | ulew /ulew/ | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ | ulew /uleːw/ | txʼotxʼ /ʈʂʼoʈʂʼ/ | ulew /uleːw/ |
| Stone | abʼaj /aɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | chʼen /tʃʼen/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ |
| Mountain | wutz /wuts/ | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | vitz /vits/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ |
| Sea | plow /plow/ | pitzʼpuj aʼ /pitsʼpuh aʔ/ | plo /plo/ | mar /mar/ | palow /palow/ | txutxaʼ /ʈʂuʈʂaʔ/ | mar /mar/ |
| Mother | nan /nan/ | naa /naː/ | nan /nan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | mim /mim/ | nan /nan/ |
| Father | mam /mam/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | baʼ /baʔ/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ |
| Daughter | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | kutzʼin /kutsʼin/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ |
| I | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | rïn /rɪn/ | ayin /ʔajin/ | in /in/ |
| You | aya /aˈja/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | at /at/ | axh /aʃ/ | rat /rat/ | hach /hatʃ/ | at /at/ |
| We | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | uj /ux/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | röj /rʊx/ | ayonh /ʔajoŋ/ | oj /ox/ |
| Name | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼi /ɓi/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ |
| Person | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | wunaq /wunaq/ | winaq /winaq/ | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | anima /anima/ | kristyan /kristjan/ |
| Head | wiʼ /wiʔ/ | wiʼaj /wiʔah/ | jolom /xolom/ | viʼ /viʔ/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ |
| Eye | witz /wits/ | witzʼ /witsʼ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | vusal /vusal/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | sat /sat/ | wach /watʃ/ |
| Ear | xkyin /ʃkʲin/ | xhchin /ʃtʃin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | txikin /ʈʂikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ |
| Nose | txaʼn /tʃaʔn/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | txam /ʈʂam/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ |
| Mouth | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | tziʼaj /tsiʔah/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Tooth | eʼ /eʔ/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | ware /waɾe/ | eh /eh/ | ey /ej/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | e /e/ |
| Tongue | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Hand | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ |
| Foot | qan /qan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | oj /oχ/ | aqän /aqən/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ |
| Heart | anma /anma/ | kʼuum /kʼuːm/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼulul /kʼulul/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ |
| Bone | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ |
| Blood | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | chichʼ /tʃitʃʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kaq /kaq/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ |
| Poop | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | achaq /atʃaq/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | — | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | — |
| Love | oqxan /oqʃan/ | xajan /ʃahan/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | kamkʼulal /kamkʼulal/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ |
| Tree | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | tze /tse/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Dog | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /ʈʂʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Cat | wiix /wiːʃ/ | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mees /meːs/ | mes /mes/ | mes /mes/ | mis /mis/ |
| Fish | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | kay /kaj/ | kar /kaɾ/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kar /kar/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kar /kar/ |
| Bird | chʼit /tʃʼit/ | chʼuʼl /tʃʼuʔl/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Butterfly | pakaʼl /pakaʔl/ | slup /slup/ | pepe /pepe/ | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ | tzolol /tsolol/ | — |
| Egg | jos /xos/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | jos /xos/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ |
| Bear | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | — |
| Horse | chej /tʃex/ | chej /tʃeh/ | kej /kex/ | kaay /kaːj/ | kej /kex/ | chej /tʃex/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ |
| House | jaa /haː/ | nya /ɲa/ | ja /xa/ | kabʼal /kaɓal/ | jay /xaj/ | na /na/ | jaa /haː/ |
| Milk | taʼl imaj /taʔl imax/ | lech /letʃ/ | leche /letʃe/ | chʼuʼ /tʃʼuʔ/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | — | lech /letʃ/ |
| Honey | taʼl xiiʼ /taʔl ʃiːʔ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | yalkabʼ /jalkaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Salt | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | aatzʼum /aːtsʼum/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Wine | vino /ˈbino/ | win /win/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ | vin /bin/ |
| Rice | arros /aros/ | arros /aros/ | arroz /aros/ | arus /arus/ | arroz /aˈros/ | — | — |
| Iron | kxbʼil /kʃɓil/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | — | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Silk | seda /seda/ | — | xela /ʃela/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — | — |
| Book | uʼjbʼil /uʔxɓil/ | liwr /liwr/ | wuj /wux/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ | wuj /wux/ | un /un/ | wuuj /wuːx/ |
| Eat | waan /waːn/ | wii /wiː/ | tijow /tixow/ | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | lo /lo/ | waʼ /waʔ/ |
| Drink | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | uuk /uːk/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | ucha /utʃa/ | kumun /kumun/ | uku /uku/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Sleep | ktan /ktan/ | watl /waːtl/ | war /waɾ/ | wat /wat/ | war /war/ | way /waj/ | war /war/ |
| One | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | kaʼwutz /kaʔwuts/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ |
| Three | oxe /oʃe/ | oxox /oʃoʃ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxebʼ /oʂeɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ |
| Four | kyaje /kjaxe/ | kyaj /kjah/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kanebʼ /kaneɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ |
| Five | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | oyebʼ /ojeɓ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ |
| Hundred | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | okʼal /okʼal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ |
| Hello | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | kʼamta /kʼamta/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | kawal /kawal/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ |
| Thank you | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | tixwajʼ /tiʃwahʼ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | tantixh /tantiʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | yuhwal /juhwal/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ |
| Good | banix /baniʃ/ | balaj /balah/ | utz /uts/ | utzʼ /utsʼ/ | ütz /ʊts/ | watxʼ /waʈʂʼ/ | tzi /tsi/ |
| New | akʼaj /akʼax/ | akʼaj /aːkʼah/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Red | kyaq /kjaq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | käq /kəq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ |
| White | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saj /saχ/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ |
| Black | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Green | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | yax /jaʂ/ | rax /raʃ/ |
| Computer | computadora /komputadora/ | — | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | — | computadora /komputaˈdora/ | — | — |
| Tea | té /te/ | — | té /te/ | — | té /te/ | — | — |
| Coffee | kape /kape/ | kapej /kapeh/ | kape /kape/ | — | kape /kape/ | — | — |
| Sugar | azúcar /aˈsukar/ | — | asukal /asukal/ | asukaal /asukaːl/ | kʼajkabʼ /kʼaxkaɓ/ | — | — |
| Orange | lanch /lantʃ/ | laranch /larantʃ/ | alanxax /alanʃaʃ/ | — | alanx /alanʃ/ | china /tʃina/ | — |
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