Q'anjob'al
Mayan
Q'anjob'al is a Mayan language of the Q'anjob'alan-Chujean branch, spoken in the Cuchumatanes mountain highlands of Huehuetenango, Guatemala. The Q'anjob'al community was severely affected by the 1980s Guatemalan Civil War genocide, leading to substantial migration to the USA, where Los Angeles and San Francisco now host major diaspora populations. Linguistically, Q'anjob'al has typical Mayan features and is the largest Q'anjob'alan-Chujean language. Mateo-Toledo's 2008 reference work on Q'anjob'al syntax is the major modern documentation.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Q'anjob'al
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mayan
| Meaning | Q'anjob'al | Uspanteko | Aguacateco | Kʼicheʼ | Tzeltal | Mam | Ixil |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ |
| Fire | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaq /qʼaq/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ |
| Sun | kʼuʼ /kʼuʔ/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼijl /qʼihl/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | qʼij /qʼih/ | qʼii /qʼiː/ |
| Moon | ixaw /iʂaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | xahaw /ʃahaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | u /u/ | xjaw /ʃaw/ | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ |
| Star | txʼumel /ʈʂʼumel/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ |
| Night | aqʼbʼalil /aqʼɓalil/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ |
| Rain | nabʼ /naɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | abʼal /aɓal/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jaʼal /haʔal/ | jbʼal /ʃɓal/ | jabʼal /haɓal/ |
| Snow | chew /tʃew/ | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | — | saq tew /saq tew/ | — | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ |
| Wind | kaqʼeʼ /kaqʼeʔ/ | tew /tew/ | kyeqʼeqʼ /kjeqʼeqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | kyqʼiqʼ /kʲqʼiqʼ/ | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ |
| Earth | txʼotxʼ /ʈʂʼoʈʂʼ/ | ulew /uleːw/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | ulew /ulew/ | lum /lum/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ |
| Stone | chʼen /tʃʼen/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | ton /ton/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ |
| Mountain | witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | wits /wits/ | wutz /wuts/ | vitz /vits/ |
| Sea | txutxaʼ /ʈʂuʈʂaʔ/ | mar /mar/ | pitzʼpuj aʼ /pitsʼpuh aʔ/ | plo /plo/ | mar /mar/ | plow /plow/ | mar /mar/ |
| Mother | mim /mim/ | nan /nan/ | naa /naː/ | nan /nan/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | nan /nan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Father | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | mam /mam/ | baʼ /baʔ/ |
| Daughter | kutzʼin /kutsʼin/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ |
| I | ayin /ʔajin/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | in /in/ |
| You | hach /hatʃ/ | at /at/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | at /at/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | aya /aˈja/ | axh /aʃ/ |
| We | ayonh /ʔajoŋ/ | oj /ox/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | uj /ux/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ |
| Name | bʼi /ɓi/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ |
| Person | anima /anima/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | wunaq /wunaq/ | winaq /winaq/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ |
| Head | jolom /xolom/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | wiʼaj /wiʔah/ | jolom /xolom/ | jol /hol/ | wiʼ /wiʔ/ | viʼ /viʔ/ |
| Eye | sat /sat/ | wach /watʃ/ | witzʼ /witsʼ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | sit /sit/ | witz /wits/ | vusal /vusal/ |
| Ear | txikin /ʈʂikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xhchin /ʃtʃin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xkyin /ʃkʲin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Nose | txam /ʈʂam/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | txaʼn /tʃaʔn/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ |
| Mouth | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tziʼaj /tsiʔah/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ |
| Tooth | eʼ /eʔ/ | e /e/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | ware /waɾe/ | ehal /ehal/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | eh /eh/ |
| Tongue | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Hand | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ |
| Foot | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | ok /ok/ | qan /qan/ | oj /oχ/ |
| Heart | kʼulul /kʼulul/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuum /kʼuːm/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | anma /anma/ | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ |
| Bone | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Blood | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chichʼ /tʃitʃʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Poop | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | — | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | achaq /atʃaq/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ |
| Love | kamkʼulal /kamkʼulal/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | xajan /ʃahan/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | oqxan /oqʃan/ | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Tree | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | tze /tse/ |
| Dog | txʼiʼ /ʈʂʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ |
| Cat | mes /mes/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mis /mis/ | wiix /wiːʃ/ | mees /meːs/ |
| Fish | chay /tʃaj/ | kar /kar/ | kay /kaj/ | kar /kaɾ/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Bird | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼuʼl /tʃʼuʔl/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | mut /mut/ | chʼit /tʃʼit/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Butterfly | tzolol /tsolol/ | — | slup /slup/ | pepe /pepe/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | pakaʼl /pakaʔl/ | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ |
| Egg | jos /xos/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | tomut /tomut/ | jos /xos/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ |
| Bear | oso /oso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ |
| Horse | chej /tʃex/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | chej /tʃeh/ | kej /kex/ | kawu /kawu/ | chej /tʃex/ | kaay /kaːj/ |
| House | na /na/ | jaa /haː/ | nya /ɲa/ | ja /xa/ | na /na/ | jaa /haː/ | kabʼal /kaɓal/ |
| Honey | yalkabʼ /jalkaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | chab /tʃab/ | taʼl xiiʼ /taʔl ʃiːʔ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Salt | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | aatzʼum /aːtsʼum/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Wine | vino /bino/ | vin /bin/ | win /win/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Wheel | rueda /rweda/ | — | toloʼ /toloʔ/ | — | — | — | — |
| Book | un /un/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | liwr /liwr/ | wuj /wux/ | jun /hun/ | uʼjbʼil /uʔxɓil/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ |
| Eat | lo /lo/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | wii /wiː/ | tijow /tixow/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | waan /waːn/ | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ |
| Drink | uku /uku/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uuk /uːk/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | ucha /utʃa/ |
| Sleep | way /waj/ | war /war/ | watl /waːtl/ | war /waɾ/ | way /waj/ | ktan /ktan/ | wat /wat/ |
| One | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kaʼwutz /kaʔwuts/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ |
| Three | oxebʼ /oʂeɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxox /oʃoʃ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ |
| Four | kanebʼ /kaneɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kyaj /kjah/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | kyaje /kjaxe/ | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ |
| Five | oyebʼ /ojeɓ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ |
| Hundred | okʼal /okʼal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ |
| Hello | kawal /kawal/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | kʼamta /kʼamta/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Thank you | yuhwal /juhwal/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | tixwajʼ /tiʃwahʼ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | tantixh /tantiʃ/ |
| Good | watxʼ /waʈʂʼ/ | tzi /tsi/ | balaj /balah/ | utz /uts/ | lek /lek/ | banix /baniʃ/ | utzʼ /utsʼ/ |
| New | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼaj /aːkʼah/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | akʼaj /akʼax/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Red | kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| White | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | sak /sak/ | saq /saq/ | saj /saχ/ |
| Black | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Green | yax /jaʂ/ | rax /raʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ |
| Blue | yax /jaʂ/ | xaar /ʃaːr/ | xew /ʃew/ | xar /ʃaɾ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | — | — |
| Orange | china /tʃina/ | — | laranch /larantʃ/ | alanxax /alanʃaʃ/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | lanch /lantʃ/ | — |
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