ꦨꦴꦰꦏꦮꦶ
Old Javanese
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic) · historical / hidden variety
Old Javanese (Kawi) is the literary Austronesian language of Java's Hindu-Buddhist period (~9th-15th c. CE), used in the Mataram, Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit empires, and the medium of the kakawin epic poetic tradition. The corpus includes the Ramayana Kakawin (~9th c., the oldest), Arjunawiwaha, Bharatayuddha, and Negarakertagama (1365). Heavy Sanskrit borrowing reflects Indianized court culture. The Kawi script (originally a Pallava-derived Brahmi) is the ancestor of modern Javanese, Balinese, Batak, Baybayin (Tagalog), Buginese and other Indonesian-Philippine indigenous scripts. After the 16th-c. Islamization of Java, Kawi survived as a literary register in Bali, where Old Javanese texts continue to be recited and copied.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Old Javanese
Sources
- Zoetmulder (1982) Old Javanese-English Dictionary
- Robson (1995) Deśawarṇana (Nāgarakṛtāgama)
- Glottolog: oldj1245
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic)
| Meaning | Old Javanese | Caribbean Javanese | Javanese | Banjar | Old Malay | Old Sundanese | Musi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ꦮꦫꦶꦃ /warih/ | banyu /baɲu/ | banyu /baɲu/ | banyu /baɲu/ | air /air/ | cai /tʃai/ | ayek /ajek/ |
| Fire | ꦄꦒ꧀ꦤꦶ /aɡni/ | geni /ɡəni/ | geni /ɡəni/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apuy /apuj/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | ꦱꦸꦂꦪ /surja/ | srengéngé /srəŋeŋe/ | srengéngé /srəŋeŋe/ | matahari /matahari/ | matari /matari/ | poé /poe/ | matahari /matahari/ |
| Moon | ꦕꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ /tʃandra/ | rembulan /rəmbulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | ꦭꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦁ /lintaŋ/ | lintang /lintaŋ/ | lintang /lintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | béntang /bentaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | ꦮꦼꦔꦶ /wəŋi/ | bengi /bəŋi/ | bengi /bəŋi/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | peuting /pɯtiŋ/ | malem /maləm/ |
| Rain | ꦈꦢꦤ꧀ /udan/ | udan /ˈudan/ | udan /ˈudan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | — | — | ujan /uˈdʒan/ |
| Wind | ꦲꦔꦶꦤ꧀ /haŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | — | — | angin /aŋin/ |
| Earth | ꦭꦼꦩꦃ /ləmah/ | lemah /ləmah/ | lemah /ləmah/ | tanah /tanah/ | — | lemah /ləmah/ | tanah /tanah/ |
| Stone | ꦮꦠꦸ /watu/ | watu /watu/ | watu /ˈwatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | — | — | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Sea | ꦭꦺꦴꦢ꧀ /lod/ | segara /səɡɔrɔ/ | segara /səˈɡɔrɔ/ | laut /laut/ | — | tasik /tasik/ | laot /laot/ |
| Mother | ꦆꦧꦸ /ibu/ | mbok /mbɔʔ/ | ibu /ibu/ | uma /uma/ | ibu /ibu/ | indung /induŋ/ | mak /mak/ |
| Father | ꦫꦩ /rama/ | pak /paʔ/ | bapak /bapak/ | abah /abah/ | bapa /bapa/ | bapa /bapa/ | bapak /bapak/ |
| I | ꦄꦏꦸ /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aing /aiŋ/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | ꦏꦶꦠ /kita/ | kowe /kɔwe/ | kowe /kowe/ | ikam /ikam/ | kamu /kamu/ | kita /kita/ | kau /kau/ |
| We | ꦏꦩꦶ /kami/ | awaké dhéwé /awaʔe ɖewe/ | awaké dhéwé /awaʔe ɖewe/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | urang /uraŋ/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ |
| Name | ꦔꦫꦤ꧀ /ŋaran/ | jeneng /dʒənəŋ/ | jeneng /dʒənəŋ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | namo /namo/ |
| Person | ꦮ꧀ꦮꦁ /wwaŋ/ | wong /wɔŋ/ | wong /wɔŋ/ | urang /uraŋ/ | — | janma /dʒanma/ | wong /woŋ/ |
| Head | ꦲꦸꦭꦸ /hulu/ | sirah /sirah/ | sirah /sirah/ | kapala /kapala/ | — | — | palak /palak/ |
| Eye | ꦩꦠ /mata/ | mripat /mripat/ | mata /mɔtɔ/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | panon /panon/ | mato /mato/ |
| Ear | ꦠꦭꦶꦔ /taliŋa/ | kuping /kupiŋ/ | kuping /kupiŋ/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | — | — | telingo /teliŋo/ |
| Nose | ꦲꦶꦫꦸꦁ /hiruŋ/ | irung /iruŋ/ | irung /iruŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | — | irung /iruŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ |
| Mouth | ꦕꦁꦏꦼꦩ꧀ /tʃaŋkəm/ | cangkem /tʃaŋkəm/ | cangkem /ˈtʃaŋkəm/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | — | — | mulut /mulut/ |
| Tooth | ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸ /huntu/ | untu /untu/ | untu /untu/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | huntu /huntu/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | ꦆꦭꦠ꧀ /ilat/ | ilat /ilat/ | ilat /ilat/ | ilat /ilat/ | lidah /lidah/ | letah /lətah/ | lidah /lidah/ |
| Hand | ꦠꦔꦤ꧀ /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | leungeun /lɯŋɯn/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Foot | ꦱꦸꦏꦸ /suku/ | sikil /sikil/ | sikil /sikil/ | batis /batis/ | — | suku /suku/ | — |
| Heart | ꦲꦠꦶ /hati/ | ati /ati/ | ati /ati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | hate /hate/ | hati /hati/ |
| Bone | ꦧꦭꦸꦁ /baluŋ/ | balung /baluŋ/ | balung /baluŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | ꦫꦃ /rah/ | getih /ɡətih/ | getih /ɡətih/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | getih /ɡətih/ | darah /darah/ |
| Poop | ꦠꦲꦶ /tahi/ | tai /tai/ | tai /ˈtai/ | tahi /tahi/ | — | — | taik /taik/ |
| Love | ꦱꦶꦃ /sih/ | tresno /trəsno/ | tresna /ˈtrɛsnɔ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | nyaah /ɲaːh/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Tree | ꦏꦪꦸ /kaju/ | wit /wit/ | wit /wit/ | batang /bataŋ/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Dog | ꦄꦱꦸ /asu/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | ꦩꦺꦴꦁ /moŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ | — /—/ | ucing /utʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | ꦆꦮꦏ꧀ /iwak/ | iwak /ˈiwaʔ/ | iwak /ˈiwaʔ/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ikan /ikan/ | lauk /lauk/ | ikan /ˈikan/ |
| Bird | ꦩꦤꦸꦏ꧀ /manuk/ | manuk /manuʔ/ | manuk /manʊʔ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Butterfly | ꦏꦸꦥꦸꦏꦸꦥꦸ /kupukupu/ | kupu /kupu/ | kupu /kupu/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | — | — | — |
| Egg | ꦲꦼꦟ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦒ꧀ /əɳɖoɡ/ | endhog /ənɖɔɡ/ | endhog /ənɖɔɡ/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | — | — | telok /telok/ |
| Bear | ꦧꦂꦮꦁ /barwaŋ/ | bruwang /bruwaŋ/ | bruwang /bruwaŋ/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | — | — | — |
| Horse | ꦏꦸꦢ /kuda/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | kuda /kuda/ | — | — | — |
| House | ꦈꦩꦃ /umah/ | omah /omah/ | omah /omah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | imah /imah/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Milk | ꦱꦸꦱꦸ /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | ꦩꦣꦸ /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | — | — | — |
| Salt | ꦈꦪꦃ /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | garam /ɡaram/ | uyah /ujah/ | garam /ɡaram/ |
| Rice | ꦧꦿꦱ꧀ /bras/ | beras /bəras/ | beras /bəras/ | baras /baras/ | — | — | beras /bəras/ |
| Iron | ꦮꦼꦱꦶ /wəsi/ | wesi /wəsi/ | wesi /ˈwəsi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | — | — | besi /bəsi/ |
| Wheel | ꦕꦏꦿ /tʃakra/ | rodha /rɔɖɔ/ | rodha /rɔɖɔ/ | roda /roda/ | — | — | — |
| Silk | ꦱꦸꦠꦿ /sutra/ | sutra /sutrɔ/ | sutra /ˈsutrɔ/ | sutra /sutra/ | — | — | — |
| Book | ꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦏ /pustaka/ | buku /buku/ | buku /ˈbuku/ | buku /buku/ | — | apus /apus/ | buku /buku/ |
| Eat | ꦄꦩꦔꦤ꧀ /amaŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | dahar /dahar/ | makan /makan/ |
| Drink | ꦄꦩꦶꦤꦸꦩ꧀ /aminum/ | ngombé /ŋombe/ | ngombe /ŋombe/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /minum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /minum/ |
| Sleep | ꦠꦸꦫꦸ /turu/ | turu /turu/ | turu /turu/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | tidur /tidur/ | saré /sare/ | tido /tido/ |
| One | ꦌꦏ /eka/ | siji /sidʒi/ | siji /sidʒi/ | asa /asa/ | sa /sa/ | hiji /hidʒi/ | siko /siko/ |
| Two | ꦫ꧀ꦮ /rwa/ | loro /lɔrɔ/ | loro /ˈlɔrɔ/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dwa /dwa/ | duo /duo/ |
| Three | ꦠꦼꦭꦸ /təlu/ | telu /təlu/ | telu /təlu/ | talu /talu/ | tlu /tlu/ | tilu /tilu/ | tigo /tiɡo/ |
| Four | ꦥꦠ꧀ /pat/ | papat /papat/ | papat /papat/ | ampat /ampat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | opat /opat/ | empat /əmpat/ |
| Five | ꦭꦶꦩ /lima/ | lima /ˈlimɔ/ | lima /lɪmɔ/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ |
| Hundred | ꦱꦠꦸꦱ꧀ /satus/ | satus /satus/ | satus /satus/ | saratus /saratus/ | ratus /ratus/ | — | seratus /səratus/ |
| Hello | ꦫꦲꦪꦸ /rahaju/ | halo /halo/ | halo /halo/ | salam /salam/ | — /—/ | wilujeng /wiludʒəŋ/ | halo /halo/ |
| Thank you | ꦤꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ /nuwun/ | matur nuwun /matur nuwun/ | matur nuwun /matur nuwun/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | — /—/ | nuhun /nuhun/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ |
| Good | ꦲꦪꦸ /haju/ | apik /apik/ | apik /apik/ | bagus /baɡus/ | baik /baik/ | hade /hade/ | bagus /baɡus/ |
| New | ꦲꦚꦂ /haɲar/ | anyar /aɲar/ | anyar /aɲar/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | — | — | anyar /aɲar/ |
| Red | ꦄꦧꦁ /abaŋ/ | abang /abaŋ/ | abang /abaŋ/ | habang /habaŋ/ | merah /merah/ | beureum /bɯrɯm/ | merah /ˈmerah/ |
| White | ꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ /putih/ | putih /putih/ | putih /putɪh/ | putih /putih/ | putih /putih/ | bodas /bodas/ | putih /putih/ |
| Black | ꦲꦶꦉꦁ /hirəŋ/ | ireng /irəŋ/ | ireng /irəŋ/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | hideung /hidɯŋ/ | item /itəm/ |
| Green | ꦲꦶꦗꦺꦴ /hidʒo/ | ijo /idʒo/ | ijo /ˈidʒo/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | — | — | ijo /idʒo/ |
| Cuckoo | ꦏꦺꦴꦏꦶꦭ /kokila/ | — | kedhasih /kəˈɖasih/ | bubut /ˈbubut/ | — | — | — |
| Sushi | ꦝꦺꦁ /ɖeŋ/ | — | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | pekasam /pəkasam/ | tarasi /tarasi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
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