ꦧꦱꦗꦮ
Javanese
Austronesian
Javanese (basa Jawa) is the largest Austronesian language by native speakers, with ~98M speakers, primarily in central and eastern Java, Indonesia (Yogyakarta and Surakarta as cultural centers), with significant diaspora in Suriname, New Caledonia, and Malaysia. Famous for its three-tier speech-level (krama) system reflecting social hierarchy: ngoko (informal, used among intimates), madya (middle, semi-formal), krama (high formal, used to elders/strangers), with krama inggil as a deferential register for highest-status addressees including royalty. Choosing the wrong register is a major social misstep. Has a literary tradition dating to the 9th c. (Old Javanese / Kawi) with classics like the Ramayana Kakawin and the 18th-c. Babad Tanah Jawi chronicle. Originally written in the Brahmic-derived Javanese script (Hanacaraka, ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ), now widely written in Latin script (basa Jawa modern). Co-developed pegon (Arabic-script) for Islamic contexts.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Javanese
Wi-Fi
Sources
- Standard Javanese Latin orthography (Ejaan Bahasa Jawa) as in Balai Bahasa Yogyakarta, Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) — via en.wiktionary Javanese entries citing {{R:KBJI}} (mata /mɔtɔ/, ati, kupu, lintang, endhog, bruwang ꦧꦿꦸꦮꦁ, wesi ꦮꦼꦱꦶ, srengéngé ꦱꦽꦔꦺꦔꦺ); meanings cross-checked with ABVD Javanese (Pujiati Suyata 2005, Greenhill et al.): banyu, geni, lintang, bengi, udan, angin, lemah, watu, segara, ibu, bapak, aku, kowe, jeneng, sirah, kuping, irung, cangkem, untu, ilat, tangan, sikil, balung, getih, asu, manuk, iwak, endhog, omah, uyah, mangan, ngombe, turu, siji…satus, apik, anyar, abang, putih, ireng, ijo all match
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian
| Meaning | Javanese | Caribbean Javanese | Old Javanese | Sundanese | Banjar | Balinese | Sasak |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | banyu /baɲu/ | banyu /baɲu/ | ꦮꦫꦶꦃ /warih/ | cai /tʃai/ | banyu /baɲu/ | yeh /jeh/ | aiq /aiʔ/ |
| Fire | geni /ɡəni/ | geni /ɡəni/ | ꦄꦒ꧀ꦤꦶ /aɡni/ | seuneu /sɯnɯ/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | srengéngé /srəŋeŋe/ | srengéngé /srəŋeŋe/ | ꦱꦸꦂꦪ /surja/ | panonpoé /panɔnpɔe/ | matahari /matahari/ | matanai /matanai/ | jelo /dʒəlo/ |
| Moon | bulan /bulan/ | rembulan /rəmbulan/ | ꦕꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ /tʃandra/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | lintang /lintaŋ/ | lintang /lintaŋ/ | ꦭꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦁ /lintaŋ/ | béntang /bentaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | bengi /bəŋi/ | bengi /bəŋi/ | ꦮꦼꦔꦶ /wəŋi/ | peuting /pəutiŋ/ | malam /malam/ | peteng /pətəŋ/ | malem /maləm/ |
| Rain | udan /ˈudan/ | udan /ˈudan/ | ꦈꦢꦤ꧀ /udan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | ujan /ˈudʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ |
| Snow | salju /salɟu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ |
| Wind | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | ꦲꦔꦶꦤ꧀ /haŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ |
| Earth | lemah /ləmah/ | lemah /ləmah/ | ꦭꦼꦩꦃ /ləmah/ | taneuh /tanəuh/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanaq /tanaʔ/ |
| Stone | watu /ˈwatu/ | watu /watu/ | ꦮꦠꦸ /watu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Sea | segara /səˈɡɔrɔ/ | segara /səɡɔrɔ/ | ꦭꦺꦴꦢ꧀ /lod/ | laut /ˈlaut/ | laut /laut/ | pasih /pasih/ | segare /səɡarə/ |
| Mother | ibu /ibu/ | mbok /mbɔʔ/ | ꦆꦧꦸ /ibu/ | indung /induŋ/ | uma /uma/ | meme /meme/ | inaq /inaʔ/ |
| Father | bapak /bapak/ | pak /paʔ/ | ꦫꦩ /rama/ | bapa /bapa/ | abah /abah/ | bapa /bapa/ | amaq /amaʔ/ |
| Daughter | anak wadon /anaʔ wadɔn/ | anak wédok /anaʔ wedɔʔ/ | — | anak awéwé /anak awewe/ | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | pianak luh /pianak luh/ | anak nine /anak ninə/ |
| I | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | ꦄꦏꦸ /aku/ | kuring /kuriŋ/ | aku /aku/ | tiang /tijaŋ/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | kowe /kowe/ | kowe /kɔwe/ | ꦏꦶꦠ /kita/ | manéh /maneh/ | ikam /ikam/ | cai /tʃai/ | side /sidə/ |
| We | awaké dhéwé /awaʔe ɖewe/ | awaké dhéwé /awaʔe ɖewe/ | ꦏꦩꦶ /kami/ | urang /uraŋ/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | iraga /iraɡa/ | ite / kami /itə / kami/ |
| Name | jeneng /dʒənəŋ/ | jeneng /dʒənəŋ/ | ꦔꦫꦤ꧀ /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | adan /adan/ | aran /aran/ |
| Person | wong /wɔŋ/ | wong /wɔŋ/ | ꦮ꧀ꦮꦁ /wwaŋ/ | jalma /dʒalma/ | urang /uraŋ/ | anak /anak/ | dengan /dəŋan/ |
| Head | sirah /sirah/ | sirah /sirah/ | ꦲꦸꦭꦸ /hulu/ | sirah /sirah/ | kapala /kapala/ | sirah /sirah/ | otak /otak/ |
| Eye | mata /mɔtɔ/ | mripat /mripat/ | ꦩꦠ /mata/ | panon /panɔn/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mate /matə/ |
| Ear | kuping /kupiŋ/ | kuping /kupiŋ/ | ꦠꦭꦶꦔ /taliŋa/ | ceuli /tʃəuli/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | kuping /kupiŋ/ | kentok /kəntok/ |
| Nose | irung /iruŋ/ | irung /iruŋ/ | ꦲꦶꦫꦸꦁ /hiruŋ/ | irung /iruŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | cunguh /tʃuŋuh/ | irung /iruŋ/ |
| Mouth | cangkem /ˈtʃaŋkəm/ | cangkem /tʃaŋkəm/ | ꦕꦁꦏꦼꦩ꧀ /tʃaŋkəm/ | sungut /suŋut/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | bungut /buŋut/ | biwih /biwih/ |
| Tooth | untu /untu/ | untu /untu/ | ꦲꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸ /huntu/ | huntu /huntu/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | ilat /ilat/ | ilat /ilat/ | ꦆꦭꦠ꧀ /ilat/ | létah /leːtah/ | ilat /ilat/ | layah /lajah/ | elaq /əlaʔ/ |
| Hand | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | ꦠꦔꦤ꧀ /taŋan/ | leungeun /lɯŋɯn/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | ime /imə/ |
| Foot | sikil /sikil/ | sikil /sikil/ | ꦱꦸꦏꦸ /suku/ | suku /suku/ | batis /batis/ | cokor /tʃokor/ | naé /nae/ |
| Heart | ati /ati/ | ati /ati/ | ꦲꦠꦶ /hati/ | haté /hate/ | ati /ati/ | manah /manah/ | ate /ate/ |
| Bone | balung /baluŋ/ | balung /baluŋ/ | ꦧꦭꦸꦁ /baluŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tolang /tolaŋ/ |
| Blood | getih /ɡətih/ | getih /ɡətih/ | ꦫꦃ /rah/ | getih /ɡətih/ | darah /darah/ | getih /ɡətih/ | daraq /daraʔ/ |
| Poop | tai /ˈtai/ | tai /tai/ | ꦠꦲꦶ /tahi/ | taiʔ /taiʔ/ | tahi /tahi/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ |
| Love | tresna /ˈtrɛsnɔ/ | tresno /trəsno/ | ꦱꦶꦃ /sih/ | bogoh /bɔɡɔh/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | tresna /tresna/ | tresne /trəsnə/ |
| Tree | wit /wit/ | wit /wit/ | ꦏꦪꦸ /kaju/ | tangkal /taŋkal/ | batang /bataŋ/ | punyan /puɲan/ | lolon kayu /lolon kaju/ |
| Dog | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | ꦄꦱꦸ /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | cicing /tʃitʃiŋ/ | acong /aˈtʃoŋ/ |
| Cat | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | ꦩꦺꦴꦁ /moŋ/ | ucing /utʃiŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ | meong /meoŋ/ | meong /meoŋ/ |
| Fish | iwak /ˈiwaʔ/ | iwak /ˈiwaʔ/ | ꦆꦮꦏ꧀ /iwak/ | lauk /ˈlauk/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | be /be/ | empaq /əmpaʔ/ |
| Bird | manuk /manʊʔ/ | manuk /manuʔ/ | ꦩꦤꦸꦏ꧀ /manuk/ | manuk /manʊk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | kedis /kədis/ | kedit /kədit/ |
| Butterfly | kupu /kupu/ | kupu /kupu/ | ꦏꦸꦥꦸꦏꦸꦥꦸ /kupukupu/ | kukupu /kukupu/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | — |
| Egg | endhog /ənɖɔɡ/ | endhog /ənɖɔɡ/ | ꦲꦼꦟ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦒ꧀ /əɳɖoɡ/ | endog /əndɔɡ/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | taluh /taluh/ | teloq /təloʔ/ |
| Bear | bruwang /bruwaŋ/ | bruwang /bruwaŋ/ | ꦧꦂꦮꦁ /barwaŋ/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ |
| Horse | jaran /dʒaran/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | ꦏꦸꦢ /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | jaran /dʒaran/ |
| House | omah /omah/ | omah /omah/ | ꦈꦩꦃ /umah/ | imah /imah/ | rumah /rumah/ | umah /umah/ | bale /bale/ |
| Milk | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | ꦱꦸꦱꦸ /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | ꦩꦣꦸ /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ |
| Salt | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | ꦈꦪꦃ /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | sie /siə/ |
| Wine | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ |
| Rice | beras /bəras/ | beras /bəras/ | ꦧꦿꦱ꧀ /bras/ | béas /beas/ | baras /baras/ | baas /baʔas/ | beras /bəras/ |
| Chocolate | coklat /ˈtʃoklat/ | — | — | cokelat /tʃoˈkəlat/ | suklat /ˈsuklat/ | coklat /tʃoklat/ | — |
| Iron | wesi /ˈwəsi/ | wesi /wəsi/ | ꦮꦼꦱꦶ /wəsi/ | beusi /bɯsi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | besi /bəsi/ | besi /bəsi/ |
| Wheel | rodha /rɔɖɔ/ | rodha /rɔɖɔ/ | ꦕꦏꦿ /tʃakra/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | gegiling /ɡəɡiliŋ/ |
| Silk | sutra /ˈsutrɔ/ | sutra /sutrɔ/ | ꦱꦸꦠꦿ /sutra/ | sutra /ˈsutra/ | sutra /sutra/ | sutra /sutra/ | sutre /sutrə/ |
| Book | buku /ˈbuku/ | buku /buku/ | ꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦏ /pustaka/ | buku /ˈbuku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Eat | mangan /maŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | ꦄꦩꦔꦤ꧀ /amaŋan/ | dahar /dahar/ | makan /makan/ | ngajeng /ŋadʒeŋ/ | mangan /maŋan/ |
| Drink | ngombe /ŋombe/ | ngombé /ŋombe/ | ꦄꦩꦶꦤꦸꦩ꧀ /aminum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | nginem /ŋinem/ | nginem /ŋinəm/ |
| Sleep | turu /turu/ | turu /turu/ | ꦠꦸꦫꦸ /turu/ | saré /sare/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | pules /ˈpules/ | tindoq /tindoʔ/ |
| One | siji /sidʒi/ | siji /sidʒi/ | ꦌꦏ /eka/ | hiji /hidʒi/ | asa /asa/ | besik /besik/ | sekéq /səkeʔ/ |
| Two | loro /ˈlɔrɔ/ | loro /lɔrɔ/ | ꦫ꧀ꦮ /rwa/ | dua /duwa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | due /duə/ |
| Three | telu /təlu/ | telu /təlu/ | ꦠꦼꦭꦸ /təlu/ | tilu /tilu/ | talu /talu/ | telu /təlu/ | telu /təlu/ |
| Four | papat /papat/ | papat /papat/ | ꦥꦠ꧀ /pat/ | opat /opat/ | ampat /ampat/ | papat /papat/ | empat /əmpat/ |
| Five | lima /lɪmɔ/ | lima /ˈlimɔ/ | ꦭꦶꦩ /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /limə/ |
| Hundred | satus /satus/ | satus /satus/ | ꦱꦠꦸꦱ꧀ /satus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | satus /satus/ | satus /satus/ |
| Hello | halo /halo/ | halo /halo/ | ꦫꦲꦪꦸ /rahaju/ | sampurasun /sampurasun/ | salam /salam/ | om swastiastu /om swastiastu/ | salam /salam/ |
| Thank you | matur nuwun /matur nuwun/ | matur nuwun /matur nuwun/ | ꦤꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ /nuwun/ | hatur nuhun /hatur nuhun/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | matur suksma /matur suksma/ | tampi asih /tampi asih/ |
| Good | apik /apik/ | apik /apik/ | ꦲꦪꦸ /haju/ | hadé /hade/ | bagus /baɡus/ | becik /betʃik/ | solah /solah/ |
| New | anyar /aɲar/ | anyar /aɲar/ | ꦲꦚꦂ /haɲar/ | anyar /aɲar/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | anyar /aɲar/ | baru /baru/ |
| Red | abang /abaŋ/ | abang /abaŋ/ | ꦄꦧꦁ /abaŋ/ | beureum /bərəum/ | habang /habaŋ/ | barak /barak/ | beaq /beaʔ/ |
| White | putih /putɪh/ | putih /putih/ | ꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ /putih/ | bodas /bodas/ | putih /putih/ | putih /putih/ | putiq /putiʔ/ |
| Black | ireng /irəŋ/ | ireng /irəŋ/ | ꦲꦶꦉꦁ /hirəŋ/ | hideung /hidəuŋ/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | selem /sələm/ | bideng /bidəŋ/ |
| Green | ijo /ˈidʒo/ | ijo /idʒo/ | ꦲꦶꦗꦺꦴ /hidʒo/ | héjo /ˈhedʒo/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | gadang /ɡadaŋ/ | ijo /idʒo/ |
| Blue | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ | — | bulao /bulao/ | biru /biru/ | pelung /pəluŋ/ | biru /biru/ |
| Cuckoo | kedhasih /kəˈɖasih/ | — | ꦏꦺꦴꦏꦶꦭ /kokila/ | manuk uncuing /manʊk uɲˈtʃuiŋ/ | bubut /ˈbubut/ | kedasih /kəˈdasih/ | — |
| Cock-a-doodle-doo | kukuruyuk /kukuruˈjʊʔ/ | — | — | kongkorongok /kɔŋkoroŋɔk/ | — | — | — |
| Computer | komputer /kɔmˈputər/ | — | — | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi | — | — | — | Wi-Fi | — | — |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | — | ꦝꦺꦁ /ɖeŋ/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | teh /tɛh/ | — | — | entéh /enteh/ | teh /teh/ | téh /teh/ | tih /tih/ |
| Coffee | kopi /kopi/ | — | — | kopi /kopi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kopi /kopi/ | kupi /kupi/ |
| Sugar | gula /ˈɡulɔ/ | — | — | gula /ɡula/ | gula /ɡula/ | gula /ɡula/ | gule /ɡulə/ |
| Orange | jeruk /dʒəruk/ | — | — | jeruk /dʒəruk/ | — | juuk /dʒuuk/ | — |
| Ninety-nine | sangang puluh sanga /saŋaŋ puluh sɔŋɔ/ | sangang puluh sanga /saŋaŋ puluh sɔŋɔ/ | — | salapan puluh salapan /salapan puluh salapan/ | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | sangang dasa sia /saŋaŋ dasa sia/ | siwaq pulu siwaq /siwaʔ pulu siwaʔ/ |
| Dopamine | dopamin /dopaˈmin/ | — | — | dopamin /dopaˈmin/ | — | dopamin /dopaˈmin/ | — |
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