ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ
Makassarese
Austronesian (South Sulawesi)
Makassarese (Basa Mangkasarak) is the language of the Makassar people of South Sulawesi, Indonesia (around the city of Makassar), with ~2M speakers. Part of the South Sulawesi subgroup of Austronesian, it is closely related to Buginese (with which it shares the Lontara script). The Lontara script is a Brahmic abugida traditionally used for both Buginese and Makassarese, with 23 basic characters representing CV syllables. Makassarese was the language of the historical Sultanate of Gowa (15th–17th c.), a major maritime power in eastern Indonesia that traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, and Spanish. Today written in both Lontara (cultural/traditional) and Latin (educational/everyday).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Makassarese
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (South Sulawesi)
| Meaning | Makassarese | Buginese | Mandar | Toraja-Sa'dan | Banjar | Sasak | Ambon Malay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | jeʼneʼ /ˈdʒeʔneʔ/ | wae /wae/ | uai /uai/ | uai /uai/ | banyu /baɲu/ | aiq /aiʔ/ | aer /aer/ |
| Fire | pepeʼ /ˈpepeʔ/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | mata allo /mata ˈʔallo/ | mata esso /mata esːo/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | mata allo /mataʔalːo/ | matahari /matahari/ | jelo /dʒəlo/ | mata hari /mata hari/ |
| Moon | bulang /buˈlaŋ/ | uleng /uleŋ/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ |
| Star | bintoeng /bintoeŋ/ | wittoing /wittoiŋ/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | bintoen /bintoen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | bangngi /baŋːi/ | wenni /wənːi/ | bongi /boŋi/ | bongi /boŋi/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ | malang /malaŋ/ |
| Rain | bosi /ˈbosi/ | bosi /ˈbosi/ | urang /uˈraŋ/ | uran /uˈran/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | ujang /udʒaŋ/ |
| Wind | anging /aŋiŋ/ | anging /aŋiŋ/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | anging /aŋiŋ/ |
| Earth | butta /butːa/ | tana /tana/ | litaq /litaʔ/ | litak /litak/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanaq /tanaʔ/ | tana /tana/ |
| Stone | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | moncong /moɲtʃoŋ/ | bulu /bulu/ | buttu /butːu/ | buntu /buntu/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Sea | tamparang /tamˈparaŋ/ | tasiʼ /tasiʔ/ | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | tasik /tasik/ | laut /laut/ | segare /səɡarə/ | lau /lau/ |
| Mother | ammaʼ /ˈʔammaʔ/ | indoʼ /indoʔ/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | indoʼ /indoʔ/ | uma /uma/ | inaq /inaʔ/ | mama /mama/ |
| Father | bapaʼ /ˈbapaʔ/ | amboʼ /amboʔ/ | ama /ama/ | ambeʼ /ambeʔ/ | abah /abah/ | amaq /amaʔ/ | papa /papa/ |
| Daughter | anaʼ baine /ʔanaʔ baine/ | anaʼ makkunrai /anaʔ makːunrai/ | — | anak baine /anak baine/ | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | anak nine /anak ninə/ | ana parangpuang /ana paraŋpuaŋ/ |
| I | nakke /naʔke/ | iyyaʼ /ijːaʔ/ | iyau /ijau/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | beta /beta/ |
| You | ikau /ikau/ | iko /iko/ | io /iʔo/ | iko /iko/ | ikam /ikam/ | side /sidə/ | ose /ose/ |
| We | ikatte / ikambe /ikaʔte / ikambe/ | idiʼ /idiʔ/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ite / kami /itə / kami/ | katong /katoŋ/ |
| Name | areng /areŋ/ | aseng /asəŋ/ | sanga /saŋa/ | sanga /saŋa/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | aran /aran/ | nama /nama/ |
| Person | tau /tau/ | tau /tau/ | tau /tau/ | tau /tau/ | urang /uraŋ/ | dengan /dəŋan/ | orang /oraŋ/ |
| Head | ulu /ˈulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | kapala /kapala/ | otak /otak/ | kapala /kapala/ |
| Eye | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mate /matə/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | toli /ˈtoli/ | doccili /dotʃːili/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | kentok /kəntok/ | talinga /taliŋa/ |
| Nose | kaʼmuru /kaʔˈmuru/ | ingeʼ /iŋəʔ/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | illong /ilːoŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | irung /iruŋ/ | idong /idoŋ/ |
| Mouth | bawa /ˈbawa/ | timu /timu/ | nganga /ŋaŋa/ | sadang /sadaŋ/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | biwih /biwih/ | mulu /mulu/ |
| Tooth | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | isi /isi/ | isi /isi/ | isi /isi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | lila /lila/ | lila /lila/ | lila /lila/ | lila /lila/ | ilat /ilat/ | elaq /əlaʔ/ | lida /lida/ |
| Hand | lima /liˈma/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | ime /imə/ | tangang /taŋaŋ/ |
| Foot | bangkeng /ˈbaŋkəŋ/ | ajé /adʒe/ | — | lentek /lentek/ | batis /batis/ | naé /nae/ | kaki /kaki/ |
| Heart | ati /ˈʔati/ | ati /ati/ | ate /ate/ | penaa /penaː/ | ati /ati/ | ate /ate/ | hati /hati/ |
| Bone | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tolang /tolaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | ceraʼ /tʃeraʔ/ | dara /dara/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | rara /rara/ | darah /darah/ | daraq /daraʔ/ | dara /dara/ |
| Poop | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | tahi /tahi/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ |
| Love | mangngai /maŋˈŋai/ | poji /podʒi/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | maʼpaʼiya /maʔpaʔija/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | tresne /trəsnə/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Tree | pokoʼ kayu /pokoʔ kaˈju/ | aju /adʒu/ | kaju /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | batang /bataŋ/ | lolon kayu /lolon kaju/ | pohong /pohoŋ/ |
| Dog | kongkong /koŋˈkoŋ/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | acong /aˈtʃoŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | ngeong /ŋeˈʔoŋ/ | meong /meoŋ/ | mio /mio/ | serre /serːe/ | pusa /pusa/ | meong /meoŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | juku /dʒukuʔ/ | bale /ˈbale/ | bau /ˈbau/ | bale /ˈbale/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | empaq /əmpaʔ/ | ikang /ˈikaŋ/ |
| Bird | jangang-jangang /dʒaŋaŋdʒaŋaŋ/ | manuʼ-manuʼ /manuʔmanuʔ/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | manuk-manuk /manuʔmanuʔ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | kedit /kədit/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Egg | bayao /bajao/ | tello /təlːo/ | talloq /talːoʔ/ | talloʼ /talːoʔ/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | teloq /təloʔ/ | telor /təlor/ |
| Bear | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | baruang /baruaŋ/ | — | beruang /beruaŋ/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ |
| Horse | jarang /ɟaraŋ/ | anyarang /aɲaraŋ/ | — | darang /daraŋ/ | kuda /kuda/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | kuda /kuda/ |
| House | ballaʼ /ˈballaʔ/ | bola /bola/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | banua /banua/ | rumah /rumah/ | bale /bale/ | ruma /ruma/ |
| Milk | dadiʼ /ˈdadiʔ/ | susu /susu/ | — | bumbungan /bumbuŋan/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | jeʼneʼ bani /dʒeʔneʔ bani/ | cani /tʃani/ | — | taniʼ enoan /taniʔ enoan/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ |
| Salt | ceʼla /ˈtʃeʔla/ | pejje /pədʒːe/ | sia /sia/ | sia /sia/ | uyah /ujah/ | sie /siə/ | garang /ɡaraŋ/ |
| Wine | anggoroʼ /aŋˈɡoroʔ/ | anggoroʼ /aŋɡoroʔ/ | — | uai anggoroʼ /uai aŋɡoroʔ/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggor /ˈaŋɡor/ |
| Rice | berasaʼ /ˈberasaʔ/ | werreʼ /wərːeʔ/ | baras /baras/ | barraʼ /barːaʔ/ | baras /baras/ | beras /bəras/ | baras /baras/ |
| Iron | bassi /ˈbasːi/ | bessi /bəsːi/ | bassi /basːi/ | bassi /basːi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | besi /bəsi/ | besi /besi/ |
| Wheel | roda /ˈɾoda/ | roda /roda/ | — | lentenan /lentenan/ | roda /roda/ | gegiling /ɡəɡiliŋ/ | roda /roda/ |
| Silk | saʼbe /ˈsaʔbe/ | sabbe /sabːe/ | — | saʼbe /saʔbe/ | sutra /sutra/ | sutre /sutrə/ | sutra /sutra/ |
| Book | boʼboʼ /ˈboʔboʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | suraq /suraʔ/ | suraʼ /suraʔ/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Eat | angnganre /ʔaŋˈŋanɾe/ | manré /manˈre/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | kumande /kumande/ | makan /makan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | makang /makaŋ/ |
| Drink | angnginung /ʔaŋˈŋinuŋ/ | minung /minuŋ/ | minung /minuŋ/ | maʼiru /maʔiru/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | nginem /ŋinəm/ | minong /minoŋ/ |
| Sleep | attinro /attinro/ | matinro /matinro/ | matindro /matindro/ | mammaʼ /mamːaʔ/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | tindoq /tindoʔ/ | tidor /tidor/ |
| One | seʼre /ˈseʔɾe/ | séddi /sedːi/ | mesa /mesa/ | misaʼ /misaʔ/ | asa /asa/ | sekéq /səkeʔ/ | satu /satu/ |
| Two | rua /ruwa/ | dua /duwa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | due /duə/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | tallu /talːu/ | tellu /təlːu/ | tallu /talːu/ | tallu /talːu/ | talu /talu/ | telu /təlu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ |
| Four | appaʼ /apːaʔ/ | eppa /əpːa/ | appe /apːe/ | aʼpaʼ /ʔapːaʔ/ | ampat /ampat/ | empat /əmpat/ | ampa /ampa/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /limə/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | sibilangngang /sibilaŋːaŋ/ | sératu /seratu/ | sangatus /saŋatus/ | saratu /saratu/ | saratus /saratus/ | satus /satus/ | saratus /saratus/ |
| Hello | salamaʼ /saˈlamaʔ/ | tabeʼ /tabeʔ/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | tabe /tabe/ | salam /salam/ | salam /salam/ | hela /hela/ |
| Thank you | tarima kasi /taɾima ˈkasi/ | kurru sumange /kurːu sumaŋe/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | kurre sumangaʼ /kurːe sumaŋaʔ/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | tampi asih /tampi asih/ | tarima kase /tarima kase/ |
| Good | bajiʼ /ˈbadʒiʔ/ | makanja /makandʒa/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | melo /melo/ | bagus /baɡus/ | solah /solah/ | bagus /baɡus/ |
| New | beru /ˈberu/ | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ | baʼru /baʔru/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ |
| Red | eja /eja/ | cella /tʃəlːa/ | mamea /mamea/ | mararang /mararaŋ/ | habang /habaŋ/ | beaq /beaʔ/ | mera /ˈmera/ |
| White | keboʼ /keboʔ/ | puté /pute/ | mapute /mapute/ | mabusa /mabusa/ | putih /putih/ | putiq /putiʔ/ | puti /puti/ |
| Black | leʼleng /leʔleŋ/ | lotong /lotoŋ/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | bideng /bidəŋ/ | itang /itaŋ/ |
| Green | moncong bulo /moɲtʃoŋ bulo/ | kudara /kudara/ | mekurarraq /mekurarːaʔ/ | maido /maido/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | ijo /idʒo/ | ijo /idʒo/ |
| Blue | gauʼ /ɡauʔ/ | gawu /ɡawu/ | magavu /maɡavu/ | lango-lango /laŋolaŋo/ | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ |
| Computer | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Sushi | sushi /suˈsi/ | sushi /ˈsusi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | te /te/ | — | — | — | teh /teh/ | tih /tih/ | — |
| Coffee | kopi /ˈkopi/ | kopi /kopi/ | — | — | kupi /kupi/ | kupi /kupi/ | — |
| Sugar | golla /ˈɡolla/ | golla /ɡolːa/ | golla /ɡolːa/ | — | gula /ɡula/ | gule /ɡulə/ | — |
| Orange | lemo tene /lemo tene/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | salapampulo assalapang /salapampulo asːalapaŋ/ | aséra pulona aséra /asera pulona asera/ | — | kasera pulona ngkasera /kasera pulona ŋkasera/ | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | siwaq pulu siwaq /siwaʔ pulu siwaʔ/ | sambilang pulu sambilang /sambilaŋ pulu sambilaŋ/ |
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