Nāhuatl

Classical Nahuatl

Uto-Aztecan (Nahuan) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyUto-Aztecan (Nahuan) SpeakersExtinct (modern descendants) ScriptAztec pictographs, Latin (colonial) CountriesAztec Empire (central Mexico) Official inAztec Empire Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3nci

Also known as: Classical Nahuatl, Aztec

Classical Nahuatl (mācēhuallahtōlli) was the language of the Aztec Empire and the lingua franca of Mesoamerican high culture from c. 1300 to the Spanish conquest of 1521. Recorded extensively in colonial-era manuscripts (the Florentine Codex compiled by Sahagún 1577, the Codex Mendoza, the Cantares Mexicanos), it preserves a rich tradition of poetry (xōchitl in cuīcatl, "flower and song"), philosophy, and administration. Classical Nahuatl gave world languages many words: chocolate (xocolātl), tomato (tomatl), avocado (āhuacatl), coyote (coyōtl), chili (chīlli). Modern Nahuatl varieties (~1.5M speakers) descend directly from Classical.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Classical Nahuatl

Water

ātl

aːtɬ

Fire

tlētl

tɬeːtɬ

Sun

tōnatiuh

toːnatiw

Moon

mētztli

meːtstɬi

Star

cītlālin

siːˈtɬaːlin

Night

yohualli

joːwalːi

Rain

quiyahuitl

kiˈjawitɬ

Snow

cepayahuitl

sepaˈjawitɬ

Wind

ehecatl

eˈhekatɬ

Earth

tlālli

tɬaːlːi

Stone

tetl

tetɬ

Mountain

tepētl

ˈtepeːtɬ

Sea

hueyatl

ˈweːjaːtɬ

Mother

nāntli

naːntɬi

Father

tahtli

tahtɬi

Daughter

ichpōchtli

itʃpoːtʃtɬi

I

nehhuātl

neʔˈwaːtɬ

You

tehhuātl

teʔˈwaːtɬ

We

tehhuāntin

teʔˈwaːntin

Name

tōcāitl

toːˈkaːitɬ

Person

tlācatl

tɬaːkatɬ

Head

cuāitl

kʷaːitɬ

Eye

īxtli

iːʃtɬi

Ear

nacaztli

nakastɬi

Nose

yacatl

jakatɬ

Mouth

camatl

kamatɬ

Tooth

tlantli

tɬantɬi

Tongue

nenepilli

nenepilːi

Hand

māitl

maːitɬ

Foot

icxitl

ikʃitɬ

Heart

yōllōtl

joːlːoːtɬ

Bone

omitl

omitɬ

Blood

eztli

esˈtɬi

Poop

cuitlatl

kʷitɬatɬ

Love

tlazōhtla

tɬasoːhtɬa

Tree

cuahuitl

kʷawitɬ

Dog

itzcuīntli

itskʷiːntɬi

Cat

mīztōn

miːstoːn

Fish

michin

mitʃin

Bird

tōtōtl

toːtoːtɬ

Butterfly

pāpālōtl

paːpaːloːtɬ

Egg

tōtoltetl

toːtoltetɬ

Bear

tlācamāyeh

tɬaːkamaːjeʔ

Horse

cahuallo

kaˈwaːlːo

House

calli

kalːi

Milk

chīchīhualāyōtl

tʃiːtʃiːwalaːjoːtɬ

Honey

neuctli

nekʷtɬi

Salt

iztatl

istatɬ

Wine

vino

ˈbino

Iron

tepoztli

tepostɬi

Wheel

temalacatl

temalakatɬ

Book

āmoxtli

aːˈmoʃtɬi

Eat

tlacua

tɬakʷa

Drink

ātli

aːtɬi

Sleep

cochi

kotʃi

One

cē

seː

Two

ōme

ˈoːme

Three

yei

jeːi

Four

nāhui

naːwi

Five

mācuīlli

maːˈkʷiːlːi

Hundred

mācuīlpōhualli

maːkʷiːlpoːˈwalːi

Hello

niltze

niltse

Thank you

tlazōhcāmati

tɬasoːhkaːmati

Good

cualli

kʷalːi

New

yancuic

jankʷik

Red

chichiltic

tʃitʃiltik

White

iztāc

istaːk

Black

tlīltic

tɬiːltik

Green

xoxoctic

ʃoʃoktik

Cuckoo

metlapīltetzotzontzin

metɬapiːltetsotsoˈtsontsin

Computer

nepōhualtzintzin

nepoːwalˈtsintsin

Ninety-nine

nāppōhualli oncaxtōlli onnāhui

naːpːoːˈwalːi onkaʃˈtoːlːi onˈnaːwi

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Uto-Aztecan (Nahuan)

Meaning Classical NahuatlEastern Huasteca NahuatlCentral Huasteca NahuatlWestern Huasteca NahuatlGuerrero NahuatlIsthmus NahuatlNawat
Water ātl /aːtɬ/ atl /atɬ/ atl /atɬ/ atl /atɬ/ atl /atɬ/ a̱ꞌti /aːʔti/ at /at/
Fire tlētl /tɬeːtɬ/ tlitl /tɬitɬ/ tlitl /tɬitɬ/ tlitl /tɬitɬ/ tlitl /tɬitɬ/ tiꞌti /tiʔti/ tit /tit/
Sun tōnatiuh /toːnatiw/ tonatih /tonatih/ tonati /tonati/ tonati /tonati/ tonajli /tonahli/ to̱nati̱ꞌ /toːnatiːʔ/ tunal /tunal/
Moon mētztli /meːtstɬi/ metztli /metstɬi/ metztli /metstɬi/ metztli /metstɬi/ metztli /metstɬi/ me̱tzti /meːtsti/ metzti /meːtsti/
Star cītlālin /siːˈtɬaːlin/ sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ sitlalin /siˈtɬalin/ si̱talin /siːtalin/ sital /ˈsital/
Night yohualli /joːwalːi/ yohuali /jowali/ youali /jowali/ yohuali /jowali/ yowalli /jowalːi/ yóhual /ˈjowal/ tayua /tajuwa/
Rain quiyahuitl /kiˈjawitɬ/ quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ kiyawit /kiˈjawit/ quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ tiahua̱ꞌ /tiawaːʔ/ kiawit /kiawit/
Snow cepayahuitl /sepaˈjawitɬ/ citlal cetl /sitɬal setɬ/ sital set /sital set/ sitlal setl /sitɬal setɬ/ nieve /ˈnjebe/ — —
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Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

Classical Nahuatl
Nehuātl nicnequi nicyecoa in tilmahtli ‌in oniquittac īpan cē teopōuhcalli tlaīxpan in cochicalli
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 で 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
我 想 试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 里 看到的 那套西装
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

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