Mexicaneru
Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl
Uto-Aztecan
Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl (Náhuatl de la Huasteca Oriental) is one of the largest modern Nahuatl varieties, spoken by ~410,000 people in the Huasteca region of northeastern Mexico spanning Veracruz, Hidalgo, and San Luis Potosí states. Together with Western Huasteca Nahuatl (nhw) and Central Huasteca Nahuatl (nch), the Huasteca Nahuatl varieties form the largest concentrated Nahuatl-speaking region in modern Mexico. Linguistically, Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl preserves classical Nahuatl features (saltillo glottal stops, vowel length distinctions) and retains a substantial body of Mesoamerican vocabulary. Hasler's 1979 reference grammar is the major modern documentation.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Uto-Aztecan
| Meaning | Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl | Western Huasteca Nahuatl | Central Huasteca Nahuatl | Guerrero Nahuatl | Classical Nahuatl | Nawat | Isthmus Nahuatl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | ātl /aːtɬ/ | at /at/ | a̱ꞌti /aːʔti/ |
| Fire | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlētl /tɬeːtɬ/ | tit /tit/ | tiꞌti /tiʔti/ |
| Sun | tonatih /tonatih/ | tonati /tonati/ | tonati /tonati/ | tonajli /tonahli/ | tōnatiuh /toːnatiw/ | tunal /tunal/ | to̱nati̱ꞌ /toːnatiːʔ/ |
| Moon | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | mētztli /meːtstɬi/ | metzti /meːtsti/ | me̱tzti /meːtsti/ |
| Star | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ | sitlalin /siˈtɬalin/ | cītlālin /siːˈtɬaːlin/ | sital /ˈsital/ | si̱talin /siːtalin/ |
| Night | yohuali /jowali/ | yohuali /jowali/ | youali /jowali/ | yowalli /jowalːi/ | yohualli /joːwalːi/ | tayua /tajuwa/ | yóhual /ˈjowal/ |
| Rain | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | kiyawit /kiˈjawit/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | quiyahuitl /kiˈjawitɬ/ | kiawit /kiawit/ | tiahua̱ꞌ /tiawaːʔ/ |
| Snow | citlal cetl /sitɬal setɬ/ | sitlal setl /sitɬal setɬ/ | sital set /sital set/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | cepayahuitl /sepaˈjawitɬ/ | — | — |
| Wind | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajakatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ehecatl /eˈhekatɬ/ | ejekat /eˈhekat/ | ejecaꞌ /ehekaʔ/ |
| Earth | tlali /tɬali/ | tlali /tɬali/ | tlali /tɬali/ | tlajli /tɬahli/ | tlālli /tɬaːlːi/ | tal /ˈtaːl/ | ta̱jli /taːhli/ |
| Stone | tetl /tetɬ/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | tet /tet/ | teꞌti /teʔti/ |
| Mountain | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepētl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepet /ˈtepet/ | tepe̱ꞌ /tepeːʔ/ |
| Sea | hueyiatl /weˈjiatɬ/ | hueyatl /ˈwejatɬ/ | hueyatl /ˈwejatɬ/ | mar /mar/ | hueyatl /ˈweːjaːtɬ/ | — | láma̱r /ˈlamaːr/ |
| Mother | mama /mama/ | nana /nana/ | nana /nana/ | nanan /nanan/ | nāntli /naːntɬi/ | nan /nan/ | te̱ye̱ꞌ /teːjeːʔ/ |
| Father | tata /tata/ | tata /tata/ | tata /tata/ | tatah /tatah/ | tahtli /tahtɬi/ | tat /tat/ | te̱taj /teːtah/ |
| Daughter | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | nochpoch /ˈnotʃpotʃ/ | ichpōchtli /itʃpoːtʃtɬi/ | nusiwapiltzin /nusiwaˈpiltsin/ | isihua̱piltzi̱n /isiwaːpiltsiːn/ |
| I | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | nejua /neˈwa/ | nehhuātl /neʔˈwaːtɬ/ | naja /ˈnaha/ | nej /neh/ |
| You | ta /ta/ | ta /ta/ | ta /ta/ | tejua /teˈwa/ | tehhuātl /teʔˈwaːtɬ/ | taja /ˈtaha/ | tej /teh/ |
| We | tohuanti /toˈwanti/ | tohuanti /toˈwanti/ | tohuanti /toˈwanti/ | tejuamej /teˈwameh/ | tehhuāntin /teʔˈwaːntin/ | tejemet /teˈhemet/ | tejame̱n / nejame̱n /tehameːn / nehameːn/ |
| Name | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ | tocaitl /toˈkaitɬ/ | tōcāitl /toːˈkaːitɬ/ | tukay /ˈtukaj/ | to̱ca̱ꞌ /toːkaːʔ/ |
| Person | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | tlācatl /tɬaːkatɬ/ | takat /ˈtakat/ | — |
| Head | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | cuāitl /kʷaːitɬ/ | tzuntekun /tsuntekun/ | tzontecon /tsontekon/ |
| Eye | ixtiyol /iʃtijol/ | ixteyol /iʃtejol/ | ixtioli /iʃtioli/ | ixtololo /iʃtololo/ | īxtli /iːʃtɬi/ | ish /iʃ/ | i̱xti /iːʃti/ |
| Ear | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacas /nakas/ | nacaztli /nakastɬi/ | nakas /nakas/ | nacas /nakas/ |
| Nose | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yakatsoli /jakatsoli/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yak /jak/ | yacti /jakti/ |
| Mouth | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camatl /kamatɬ/ | ten /ten/ | te̱nti /teːnti/ |
| Tooth | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ | tlan /tɬan/ | tlantli /tɬantɬi/ | tan /tan/ | tanti /tanti/ |
| Tongue | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepili /nenepili/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepilli /nenepilːi/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | le̱nguaj /leːnɡʷah/ |
| Hand | maitl /maitɬ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | māitl /maːitɬ/ | mey /mei/ | mayiꞌ /majiʔ/ |
| Foot | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | ikshi /ikʃi/ | icxi /ikʃi/ |
| Heart | yollotl /jolːotɬ/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ | yojlotl /johlotɬ/ | yōllōtl /joːlːoːtɬ/ | yulu /julu/ | iya̱lmaj /ijaːlmah/ |
| Bone | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | umit /umit/ | omiꞌ /omiʔ/ |
| Blood | estli /estɬi/ | estli /estɬi/ | estli /estɬi/ | yestli /jestɬi/ | eztli /esˈtɬi/ | esti /esti/ | esti /esti/ |
| Poop | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | — | cuitlatl /kʷitɬatɬ/ | kwitat /kʷitat/ | cuitaꞌ /kʷitaʔ/ |
| Love | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | tlazōhtla /tɬasoːhtɬa/ | tasujta /tasuhta/ | quinequi /kineki/ |
| Tree | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | kojtli /kohtɬi/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | kwawit /kʷawit/ | cuahuiꞌ /kʷawiʔ/ |
| Dog | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | itzcuintli /itskʷintɬi/ | itzcuīntli /itskʷiːntɬi/ | pelu /peːlu/ | pe̱lo /peːlo/ |
| Cat | mizto /misto/ | mizton /miston/ | misto /misto/ | miston /miston/ | mīztōn /miːstoːn/ | mistun /mistuːŋ/ | misto̱n /mistoːn/ |
| Fish | michi /mitʃi/ | michi /mitʃi/ | michi /mitʃi/ | michin /mitʃin/ | michin /mitʃin/ | michin /mitʃin/ | to̱poj /toːpoh/ |
| Bird | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | tototl /tototɬ/ | tototl /tototɬ/ | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | tōtōtl /toːtoːtɬ/ | tutut /tutut/ | to̱to̱ꞌ /toːtoːʔ/ |
| Butterfly | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | pāpālōtl /paːpaːloːtɬ/ | papalut /papalut/ | me̱me̱ /meːmeː/ |
| Egg | tejquistli /tehkistɬi/ | tecsistli /teksistɬi/ | tejsistli /tehsistɬi/ | totoltetl /totolˈtetɬ/ | tōtoltetl /toːtoltetɬ/ | teksisti /teksisti/ | itecsis /iteksis/ |
| Bear | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | tlācamāyeh /tɬaːkamaːjeʔ/ | tekwani metzkujkutu /teːˈkʷani metskuhkutu/ | oso /oso/ |
| Horse | kawayoh /kaˈwaːjoh/ | cahuayoj /kaˈwajoh/ | kauayoj /kaˈwajoh/ | caballo /kaˈbajo/ | cahuallo /kaˈwaːlːo/ | cahuayoh /kaˈwajuh/ | cahua̱yoj /kaˈwaːjoh/ |
| House | cali /kali/ | cali /kali/ | kali /kali/ | kajli /kahli/ | calli /kalːi/ | kal /kal/ | cajli /kahli/ |
| Milk | lechi /letʃi/ | lechi /letʃi/ | lechi /letʃi/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | chīchīhualāyōtl /tʃiːtʃiːwalaːjoːtɬ/ | — | chi̱chihuala̱ꞌ /tʃiːtʃiwalaːʔ/ |
| Honey | nectli /nektɬi/ | nectli /nektɬi/ | necti /nekti/ | necutli /neˈkutɬi/ | neuctli /nekʷtɬi/ | nekti /nekti/ | necti /nekti/ |
| Salt | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | iztatl /istatɬ/ | istat /istat/ | istaꞌ /istaʔ/ |
| Wine | xocomeca atl /ʃokomeka atɬ/ | xocomeca atl /ʃokomeka atɬ/ | xocomeca at /ʃokomeka at/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Chocolate | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chikolatl /tʃikoˈlatɬ/ | — | chukulat /tʃukulat/ | — |
| Iron | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepoztli /tepostɬi/ | tepusti /tepusti/ | tepos /tepos/ |
| Wheel | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | — | temalacatl /temalakatɬ/ | rweda /rweda/ | — |
| Silk | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — | — | seda /seda/ |
| Book | amoxtli /aˈmoʃtɬi/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | amochtli /aˈmotʃtɬi/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | āmoxtli /aːˈmoʃtɬi/ | amat /amat/ | a̱maꞌ /aːmaʔ/ |
| Eat | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlakua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | takwa /takwa/ | tacua /takʷa/ |
| Drink | atli /atɬi/ | atli /atɬi/ | atli /atɬi/ | koni /koni/ | ātli /aːtɬi/ | ati /ati/ | a̱ti /aːti/ |
| Sleep | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ | kuchi /ˈkutʃi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ |
| One | ce /se/ | ce /se/ | ce /se/ | ce /se/ | cē /seː/ | se /se/ | se̱ /seː/ |
| Two | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | ōme /ˈoːme/ | ume /ˈume/ | o̱me /oːme/ |
| Three | eyi /ejiː/ | eyi /ejiː/ | eyi /ejiː/ | yeyi /jeji/ | yei /jeːi/ | yey /jej/ | e̱yi /eːji/ |
| Four | nahui /naːwi/ | nahui /nawi/ | nahui /naːwi/ | nahui /nawi/ | nāhui /naːwi/ | nawi /naːwi/ | na̱hui /naːwi/ |
| Five | macuili /maˈkʷili/ | macuili /maˈkʷili/ | makuili /maˈkʷili/ | makuijli /makʷihli/ | mācuīlli /maːˈkʷiːlːi/ | makwil /maˈkʷil/ | cinco /sinko/ |
| Hundred | cien /sjen/ | cien /sjen/ | cien /sjen/ | ciento /ˈsjento/ | mācuīlpōhualli /maːkʷiːlpoːˈwalːi/ | tzunti /tsunti/ | cien /sjen/ |
| Hello | nimitzpaca /nimitspaka/ | niltze /niltse/ | niltze /niltse/ | panolti /panolti/ | niltze /niltse/ | ne pakua /ne pakwa/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlaskamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlazohcamati /tɬasoʔkamati/ | tlazōhcāmati /tɬasoːhkaːmati/ | padiush /padjuʃ/ | gracias /ɡrasjas/ |
| Good | cuali /kʷali/ | cuali /kʷali/ | kuali /kʷali/ | kuajli /kʷahli/ | cualli /kʷalːi/ | yek /jeːk/ | ye̱cti /jeːkti/ |
| New | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yencuic /ˈjenkʷik/ | yancuic /jankʷik/ | yankwik /jaŋkʷik/ | yancuiꞌ /jankʷiʔ/ |
| Red | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltic /tʃitʃiltik/ | chiltik /tʃiltik/ | chi̱ltiꞌ /tʃiːltiʔ/ |
| White | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ | istak /istak/ | istak /istak/ | iztāc /istaːk/ | istak /istak/ | ista̱ꞌ /istaːʔ/ |
| Black | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | capotztic /kaˈpotstik/ | tlīltic /tɬiːltik/ | tiltik /tiltik/ | pi̱stiꞌ /piːstiʔ/ |
| Green | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxojki /ʃoˈʃohki/ | xoxoctic /ʃoʃoktik/ | shushuwik /ʃuʃuwik/ | xoxoctiꞌ /ʃoʃoktiʔ/ |
| Blue | azultic /aˈsultik/ | azultic /aˈsultik/ | azultic /aˈsultik/ | azul /aˈsul/ | — | — | aso̱ltiꞌ /asoːltiʔ/ |
| Coffee | cafe /kafe/ | — | kafej /kafeh/ | café /kaˈfe/ | — | — | capej /kapeh/ |
| Sugar | tzopelictli /tsopeliktɬi/ | — | chanchaka /tʃantʃaka/ | azúcar /aˈsukar/ | — | — | — |
| Orange | alaxox /ˈalaʃoːʃ/ | lalax /ˈlalaːʃ/ | lalax /ˈlalaːʃ/ | naranja /naˈranxa/ | — | — | — |
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