ܛܘܪܝܐ
Turoyo
Afro-Asiatic
Turoyo (also Surayt; in Syriac ܛܘܪܝܐ "of the mountain") is a Central Neo-Aramaic language of the Tur Abdin highlands in southeastern Turkey, the historic heartland of the Syriac Orthodox Christian community. The Sayfo (1915 Assyrian-Syriac genocide) and ongoing 20th-century Turkish persecution drove most Turoyo speakers into European diaspora; today the largest Turoyo-speaking community is in Södertälje, Sweden. Turoyo descends from Eastern Aramaic but shows extensive divergence from sister Eastern Neo-Aramaic (aii Assyrian) — distinct vocabulary, simplified case morphology, Greek/Turkish/Kurdish loans. Despite this sizeable community, Turoyo is not one of Sweden's five recognized national minority languages (Finnish, Meänkieli, Sami, Yiddish, Romani) and holds no official minority-language status.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Turoyo
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Afro-Asiatic
| Meaning | Turoyo | Mandaic | Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | Western Neo-Aramaic | Aramaic | Classical Syriac | Old Aramaic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ܡܝܐ /majo/ | ࡌࡉࡀ /mia/ | ܡܝܐ /mijja/ | ܡܘܝܐ /moːja/ | ܡܝܐ /majjaː/ | ܡܝܐ /majjaː/ | מין /majin/ |
| Fire | ܢܘܪܐ /nuro/ | ࡍࡅࡓࡀ /nura/ | ܢܘܪܐ /nura/ | — /—/ | ܢܘܪܐ /nuːraː/ | ܢܘܪܐ /nuːraː/ | נור /nuːr/ |
| Sun | ܫܡܫܐ /ʃamʃo/ | ࡔࡀࡌࡔࡀ /ʃamʃa/ | ܫܡܫܐ /ʃimʃa/ | ܫܡܫܐ /ʃemʃaː/ | ܫܡܫܐ /ʃemʃaː/ | ܫܡܫܐ /ʃemʃaː/ | שמש /ʃamʃ/ |
| Moon | ܣܗܪܐ /sahro/ | ࡎࡉࡓࡀ /sira/ | ܣܗܪܐ /sahra/ | ܣܗܪܐ /sahraː/ | ܣܗܪܐ /sahraː/ | ܣܗܪܐ /sahraː/ | שהר /sahr/ |
| Star | ܟܟܒܐ /kəxwo/ | ࡊࡅࡊࡁࡀ /ˈkukba/ | ܟܵܘܟ݂ܒ݂ܵܐ /kawxva/ | ܟܘܟܒܐ /kawkba/ | ܟܘܟܒܐ /koːχβaː/ | ܟܘܟܒܐ /kawkβaː/ | כוכב /kawkab/ |
| Night | ܠܠܝܐ /laljo/ | ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ /lilja/ | ܠܸܠܝܵܐ /lelja/ | ܠܠܝܐ /lelja/ | ܠܠܝܐ /leljaː/ | ܠܠܝܐ /lelja/ | לליא /leːljaː/ |
| Rain | ܡܛܪܐ /metˤro/ | — | ܡܛܪܐ /mɪˈtˤra/ | — | ܡܛܪܐ /miˈtˤraː/ | ܡܛܪܐ /maˈtˤraː/ | 𐡌𐡈𐡓 /maːtˤar/ |
| Snow | ܬܠܓܐ /talɡo/ | ࡕࡀࡋࡂࡀ /talɡa/ | ܬܲܠܓܵܐ /talɡa/ | ܬܠܟܐ /ˈθelka/ | ܬܠܓܐ /talɡaː/ | ܬܠܓܐ /talɡaː/ | 𐡕𐡋𐡂 /talɡ/ |
| Wind | ܗܘܐ /hawa/ | — | ܦܲܘܚܵܐ /ˈpawxa/ | — | ܪܘܚܐ /ˈruħaː/ | ܪܘܚܐ /ˈruħɔ/ | 𐡓𐡅𐡇 /riːħ/ |
| Earth | ܐܪܥܐ /arʕo/ | ࡀࡓࡒࡀ /arqa/ | ܐܪܥܐ /ʔarʕa/ | ܐܪܥܐ /arʕɔ/ | ܐܪܥܐ /ʔarʕaː/ | ܐܪܥܐ /ʔarʕɑ/ | 𐡀𐡓𐡒 /ʔarq/ |
| Stone | ܟܐܦܐ /kefo/ | ࡂࡋࡀࡋࡀ /ɡlala/ | ܟܐܦܐ /ˈkeːpa/ | ܟܐܦܐ /xefa/ | ܐܒܢܐ /ʔaβnaː/ | ܟܐܦܐ /keːpaː/ | אבן /ʔaben/ |
| Mountain | ܛܘܪܐ /tˤuro/ | ࡈࡅࡓࡀ /tˤura/ | ܛܘܪܐ /ˈtˤuːra/ | — | ܛܘܪܐ /tˤuːraː/ | ܛܘܪܐ /tˤuːraː/ | — |
| Sea | ܝܡܐ /jamo/ | — | ܝܡܐ /jaːmaː/ | — | ܝܡܐ /jammaː/ | ܝܡܐ /jammaː/ | — |
| Mother | ܐܡܐ /imo/ | ࡀࡌࡀ /ama/ | ܝܡܐ /jimma/ | ܐܡܐ /emaː/ | ܐܡܐ /ʔemmaː/ | ܐܡܐ /ʔemmaː/ | אמ /ʔem/ |
| Father | ܒܒܐ /babo/ | ࡀࡁࡀ /aba/ | ܒܒܐ /baba/ | ܒܒܐ /babːaː/ | ܐܒܐ /ʔabbaː/ | ܐܒܐ /ʔabbaː/ | אב /ʔab/ |
| Daughter | ܒܪܬܐ /barto/ | ࡁࡓࡀࡕࡀ /brata/ | ܒܪܵܬܵܐ /ˈbrata/ | ܒܪܬ̤ܐ /bertʃa/ | ܒܪܬܐ /bartaː/ | ܒܪܬܐ /bartaː/ | ברת /bart/ |
| I | ܐܢܐ /ono/ | ࡀࡍࡀ /ˈana/ | ܐܵܢܵܐ /ˈʔaːna/ | ܐܢܐ /ana/ | ܐܢܐ /ʔanaː/ | ܐܢܐ /ʔenaː/ | אנה /ʔanaː/ |
| You | ܗܬ /hat/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡕ /at/ | ܐܲܢ݉ܬ /ʔat/ | ܚܐܟ /ħatʃ/ | ܐܢܬ /ʔatt/ | ܐܢܬ /ʔat/ | אנת /ʔantaː/ |
| We | ܐܚܢܐ /aħna/ | ࡀࡍࡉࡍ /ˈanin/ | ܐܲܚܢܲܢ /ˈʔaxnan/ | ܐܢܚ /anaħ/ | ܐܢܚܢܢ /ʔanaħnan/ | ܚܢܢ /ħnan/ | אנחנא /ʔanaħnaː/ |
| Name | ܐܫܡܐ /eʃmo/ | ࡔࡅࡌࡀ /ˈʃuma/ | ܫܸܡܵܐ /ˈʃɪmma/ | ܐܫܡܐ /eʃma/ | ܫܡܐ /ʃmaː/ | ܫܡܐ /ʃmaː/ | שם /ʃum/ |
| Person | ܢܫܐ /noʃo/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ /anaʃa/ | ܒܲܪܢܵܫܵܐ /barnaːʃa/ | ܒܪܢܫܐ /barnoːʃa/ | ܐܢܫܐ /ʔnaːʃaː/ | ܐܢܫܐ /ʔnaːʃaː/ | אנש /ʔenaːʃ/ |
| Head | ܪܝܫܐ /riʃo/ | ࡓࡉࡔ /riʃ/ | ܪܝܫܐ /reːʃa/ | — | ܪܝܫܐ /reːʃaː/ | ܪܝܫܐ /reːʃaː/ | — |
| Eye | ܥܝܢܐ /ʕajno/ | ࡏࡉࡍࡀ /ʔina/ | ܥܝܢܐ /ʕajna/ | ܥܝܢܐ /ʕajna/ | ܥܝܢܐ /ʕajnaː/ | ܥܝܢܐ /ʕajnaː/ | עין /ʕajn/ |
| Ear | ܐܕܢܐ /aðno/ | ࡏࡅࡃࡍࡀ /odna/ | ܐܕܢܐ /ˈʔɪðna/ | ܐܕܢܐ /ʔiðnaː/ | ܐܕܢܐ /ʔedˈnaː/ | ܐܕܢܐ /ʔedˈnɑ/ | 𐡀𐡃𐡍𐡀 /ʔuðnaː/ |
| Nose | ܢܚܝܪܐ /nħiro/ | ࡍࡄࡉࡓࡀ /nhira/ | ܢܚܝܪܐ /naxxiːra/ | — | ܢܚܝܪܐ /nħiːraː/ | ܢܚܝܪܐ /nħiːrɔ/ | אפא /ʔappaː/ |
| Mouth | ܦܡܐ /femo/ | ࡐࡅࡌࡀ /puma/ | ܦܘܡܐ /pumma/ | — | ܦܘܡܐ /pumːaː/ | ܦܘܡܐ /puːmaː/ | פם /pum/ |
| Tooth | ܐܪܫܐ /arʃo/ | ࡔࡉࡍࡀ /ʃinːa/ | ܟܵܟܵܐ /kaka/ | ܫܢܐ /ʃenːa/ | ܫܢܐ /ʃenːaː/ | ܫܢܐ /ʃenːaː/ | שנא /ʃenːaː/ |
| Tongue | ܠܫܢܐ /liʃono/ | ࡋࡉࡔࡀࡍࡀ /liʃana/ | ܠܫܵܢܵܐ /liʃana/ | ܠܫܢܐ /liʃona/ | ܠܫܢܐ /liʃːaːnaː/ | ܠܫܢܐ /liʃːaːnaː/ | לשנא /liʃːaːnaː/ |
| Hand | ܐܝܕܐ /iðo/ | ࡏࡃࡀ /ʔida/ | ܐܝܕܐ /iːða/ | ܐܝܕܐ /iða/ | ܐܝܕܐ /ʔiːðaː/ | ܐܝܕܐ /ʔiːðaː/ | יד /jad/ |
| Foot | ܪܓܠܐ /raɣlo/ | ࡋࡉࡂࡓࡀ /liɡra/ | ܥܩܠܐ /ʕaqla/ | — | ܪܓܠܐ /reɡlaː/ | ܪܓܠܐ /reɡlaː/ | רגל /reɡel/ |
| Heart | ܠܒܐ /lebo/ | ࡋࡉࡁࡀ /liba/ | ܠܒܐ /libba/ | ܠܒܐ /lebaː/ | ܠܒܐ /lebbaː/ | ܠܒܐ /lebbaː/ | לב /leb/ |
| Bone | ܓܪܡܐ /ɡarmo/ | ࡂࡉࡓࡌࡀ /ɡerma/ | ܓܪܡܐ /ɡarma/ | ܓܪܡܐ /xerma/ | ܓܪܡܐ /ɡarmaː/ | ܓܪܡܐ /ɡarmaː/ | גרמא /ɡarmaː/ |
| Blood | ܐܕܡܐ /admo/ | ࡆࡌࡀ /zma/ | ܕܡܵܐ /dɪmma/ | ܐܙܡܐ /ezma/ | ܕܡܐ /dmaː/ | ܕܡܐ /dmaː/ | דמא /dmaː/ |
| Love | ܚܘܒܐ /ħubo/ | ࡓࡅࡄࡌࡀ /ruhma/ | ܚܘܒܐ /xubba/ | ܚܘܒܐ /ħubaː/ | ܚܘܒܐ /ħubbaː/ | ܚܘܒܐ /ħubbaː/ | רחם /raħem/ |
| Tree | ܐܝܠܢܐ /ilono/ | ࡏࡋࡀࡍࡀ /ilana/ | ܐܝܠܢܐ /ilana/ | ܐܝܠܢܐ /elona/ | ܐܝܠܢܐ /ʔiːlaːnaː/ | ܐܝܠܢܐ /ʔiːlaːnaː/ | עץ /ʕeːsˤ/ |
| Dog | ܟܠܒܐ /kalbo/ | ࡊࡀࡋࡁࡀ /kalba/ | ܟܠܒܐ /kalba/ | ܟܠܒܐ /kalbaː/ | ܟܠܒܐ /kalbaː/ | ܟܠܒܐ /kalbaː/ | כלב /kalb/ |
| Cat | ܫܘܢܪܐ /ʃunoro/ | ࡔࡅࡍࡀࡓࡀ /ʃunara/ | ܩܛܘ /qaːtˤo/ | ܩܛܘܢܐ /qatˤuna/ | ܫܘܢܪܐ /ʃunnaːraː/ | ܫܘܢܪܐ /ʃunnaːraː/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | ܢܘܢܐ /nuno/ | ࡍࡅࡍࡀ /nuna/ | ܢܘܢܐ /nuna/ | — /—/ | ܢܘܢܐ /nuːnaː/ | ܢܘܢܐ /nuːnaː/ | נונא /nuːnaː/ |
| Bird | ܛܝܪܐ /tˤajro/ | ࡑࡉࡐࡓࡀ /sipra/ | ܛܲܝܪܵܐ /tˤajra/ | — | ܨܦܪܐ /sˤefraː/ | ܦܪܚܬܐ /paːˈraħtaː/ | צפר /sˤippar/ |
| Egg | ܒܥܬܐ /baʕto/ | — | ܒܝܥܬܐ /beːta/ | — | ܒܝܥܬܐ /beːʕtaː/ | ܒܥܬܐ /beːʕtɔ/ | ביעתא /beːʕtaː/ |
| Bear | ܕܒܐ /debo/ | — | ܕܒܐ /dɪbba/ | — | ܕܒܐ /debbaː/ | ܕܒܐ /debaː/ | דבא /dubbaː/ |
| Horse | ܣܘܣܝܐ /susjo/ | — | ܣܘܼܣܹܐ /suːse/ | — | ܣܘܣܝܐ /suːsjaː/ | ܣܘܣܝܐ /suːsjaː/ | — |
| House | ܒܝܬܐ /bajto/ | ࡁࡉࡕࡀ /bita/ | ܒܝܬܐ /beθa/ | ܒܝܬܐ /bajθa/ | ܒܝܬܐ /bajtaː/ | ܒܝܬܐ /bajθaː/ | בית /beːt/ |
| Milk | ܚܠܒܐ /ħalwo/ | — | ܚܠܒܐ /xalwa/ | — | ܚܠܒܐ /ħalbaː/ | ܚܠܒܐ /ħalbɔ/ | — |
| Honey | ܕܒܫܐ /dawʃo/ | — | ܕܸܒ݂ܫܵܐ /dɪwʃa/ | — | ܕܒܫܐ /deβʃaː/ | ܕܒܫܐ /deβʃaː/ | דבשא /debʃaː/ |
| Salt | ܡܠܚܐ /melħo/ | ࡌࡉࡄࡋࡀ /mihla/ | ܡܠܚܐ /ˈmilxa/ | — | ܡܠܚܐ /melħaː/ | ܡܠܚܐ /melħaː/ | מלח /melaħ/ |
| Wine | ܚܡܪܐ /ħamro/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡓࡀ /hamra/ | ܚܡܪܐ /ˈxamraː/ | — | ܚܡܪܐ /ħamraː/ | ܚܡܪܐ /ħamrɔ/ | חמרא /ħamraː/ |
| Rice | ܪܙܐ /rezo/ | — | ܪܙܐ /rɪzza/ | — | ܪܘܙܐ /ruzzaː/ | ܪܘܙܐ /ruːzaː/ | — |
| Iron | ܦܪܙܠܐ /parzlo/ | ࡐࡀࡓࡆࡋࡀ /parzla/ | ܦܪܙܠܐ /ˈprizla/ | — | ܦܪܙܠܐ /parzlaː/ | ܦܪܙܠܐ /parzlaː/ | פרזל /parzel/ |
| Wheel | ܓܝܓܠܐ /ɡiɡlo/ | — | ܓܝܓܠܐ /ɡiɡla/ | — | ܓܝܓܠܐ /ɡiɡlaː/ | ܓܝܓܠܐ /ɡiːɡlaː/ | גלגל /ɡalɡal/ |
| Silk | ܫܐܪܐ /ʃiro/ | — | ܐܒܪܝܣܡ /abriːsim/ | — | — | ܩܙ /qaz/ | — |
| Book | ܟܬܒܐ /kθowo/ | ࡃࡓࡀࡔࡀ /draʃa/ | ܟܬܵܒ݂ܵܐ /kθaːwa/ | — | ܟܬܒܐ /ktaːβaː/ | ܟܬܒܐ /ktaːβaː/ | — |
| Eat | ܐܟܠ /oxulo/ | ࡀࡊࡀࡋ /akal/ | ܐܟܠ /axil/ | ܐܟܠ /iʔχel/ | ܐܟܠ /ʔaːχel/ | ܐܟܠ /ʔeχal/ | אכל /ʔakal/ |
| Drink | ܫܬܐ /ʃote/ | ࡔࡕࡀ /ʃta/ | ܫܬܐ /ʃate/ | ܫܬܐ /ʃetaː/ | ܫܬܐ /ʃtaː/ | ܐܫܬܝ /ʔeʃtiː/ | שתה /ʃataː/ |
| Sleep | ܕܡܟ /domaχ/ | ࡃࡌࡀࡊ /dmak/ | ܕܡܟ /daːmeːx/ | ܕܡܟ /dmeχ/ | ܕܡܟ /dmeχ/ | ܕܡܟ /dmeχ/ | דמך /damek/ |
| One | ܚܕ /ħað/ | ࡄࡀࡃ /had/ | ܚܕ /xa/ | ܐܚܕ /ʔaħːað/ | ܚܕ /ħað/ | ܚܕ /ħað/ | חד /ħad/ |
| Two | ܬܪܐ /tre/ | ࡕࡓࡉࡍ /tren/ | ܬܪܹܝܢ /treːn/ | ܐܬܪ /ʔeθər/ | ܬܪܝܢ /treːn/ | ܬܪܝܢ /treːn/ | תרין /treːn/ |
| Three | ܬܠܬܐ /tloθo/ | ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ /tlata/ | ܬܠܵܬܵܐ /tˤlaːθa/ | ܬܠܬܐ /θlɒːθa/ | ܬܠܬ /tlaːθ/ | ܬܠܬ /tlaːt/ | תלת /tlaːt/ |
| Four | ܐܪܒܥܐ /arbˤo/ | ࡀࡓࡁࡀ /arba/ | ܐܪܒܥܐ /arpa/ | ܐܪܒ݆ܥܐ /ʔarpʕa/ | ܐܪܒܥ /ʔarbaʕ/ | ܐܪܒܥ /ʔarbaʕ/ | ארבע /ʔarbaʕ/ |
| Five | ܚܡܫܐ /ħamʃo/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡔࡀ /hamʃa/ | ܚܡܫܐ /xamʃa/ | ܚܡܫܐ /ħamʃa/ | ܚܡܫ /ħamːeʃ/ | ܚܡܫ /ħamːeʃ/ | חמש /ħamːeʃ/ |
| Hundred | ܡܐ /mo/ | — | ܐܡܐܐ /ʔɪmma/ | — | ܡܐܐ /maː/ | ܡܐܐ /maː/ | מאה /maː/ |
| Hello | ܫܠܡܐ /ʃlomo/ | ࡔࡋࡀࡌࡀ /ʃlama/ | ܫܠܡܐ /ʃlaːma/ | ܫܠܡܐ /ʃlomaː/ | ܫܠܡܐ /ʃlaːmaː/ | ܫܠܡܐ /ʃlaːmaː/ | שלם /ʃəlaːm/ |
| Thank you | ܬܘܕܝ /tawdi/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡅࡕࡀ /ʈabuta/ | ܒܣܝܡܐ /basima/ | ܬܘܕܝ /tawdiː/ | ܬܘܕܝ /tawdiː/ | ܫܘܒܚܐ /ʃubħaː/ | — /—/ |
| Good | ܛܒܐ /tˤobo/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡀ /tˤaba/ | ܛܒܐ /tˤaːwa/ | ܛܒܐ /tˤaːβa/ | ܛܒܐ /tˤaːβaː/ | ܛܒܐ /tˤaːβaː/ | טב /tˤab/ |
| New | ܚܕܬܐ /ħaθo/ | — | ܚܕܬܐ /xaːθa/ | — | ܚܕܬܐ /ħaðtaː/ | ܚܕܬܐ /ħadtaː/ | — |
| Red | ܣܡܘܩܐ /semoqo/ | ࡎࡅࡌࡒࡀ /sumqa/ | ܣܡܘܩܐ /smuqa/ | ܣܡܩܐ /smaqa/ | ܣܘܡܩܐ /sumqaː/ | ܣܘܡܩܐ /sumːaqaː/ | סמק /summaːq/ |
| White | ܚܘܪܐ /ħwara/ | ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡀ /hiwara/ | ܚܘܵܪܵܐ /xəwaːra/ | — | ܚܘܪܐ /ħewwaːraː/ | ܚܶܘܳܪܳܐ /ħewɔːrɔ/ | חור /ħewːaːr/ |
| Black | ܟܘܡܐ /komo/ | ࡊࡅࡌࡀ /kuma/ | ܟܘܡܐ /kuma/ | — | ܐܘܟܡܐ /ʔukkaːmaː/ | ܐܘܟܡܐ /ʔukːaːmaː/ | — |
| Green | ܝܪܩܐ /jaroqo/ | — | ܝܲܪܘܿܩܵܐ /jaroqa/ | — | ܝܘܪܩܐ /jaroːqaː/ | ܝܘܪܩܐ /jawrqaː/ | ירק /jraːq/ |
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