𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦𑀽
Khotanese
indoeuropeo (Iranica, Middle, orientale, Saka) · varietà storica / nascosta
Il khotanese (o khotanese-saka) è una lingua iranica medievale del ramo saka orientale, conservata nei manoscritti buddhisti del regno buddhista di Khotan sulla via meridionale della Seta. È strettamente imparentato con il tumshuq (anch’esso saka) e, più alla lontana, con lingue iraniche orientali come il sogdiano. Come il tocario, si estinse con l’arrivo dei popoli turchi nel bacino del Tarim.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in khotanese
Fonti
- Bailey (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka
- Emmerick (1992) A Guide to the Literature of Khotan
- Glottolog: khot1251
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: indoeuropeo (Iranica, Middle, orientale, Saka)
| Significato | Khotanese | Persiano antico | Avestico | Sogdiano | Partico | Medio-persiano | Greco miceneo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | 𑀊𑀤𑀸 /uːdaː/ | 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ | 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ | ʾāp /aːp/ | āb /aːb/ | 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/ | 𐀄𐀈 /hudɔːr/ |
| Fuoco | 𑀆𑀢𑀭 /aːtar/ | 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ | 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ | ʾātar /aːtar/ | ādar /aːdar/ | 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/ | 𐀢 /pyːr/ |
| Sole | 𑀉𑀭𑁆𑀫 /urma/ | 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ | 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ | xwr /xwar/ | xwar /xwar/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/ | 𐀀𐀸𐀪𐀍 /haːwelios/ |
| Luna | 𑀫𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢 /maːsta/ | 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ | 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ | mʾx /maːx/ | māh /maːh/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/ | 𐀕 /mɛːn/ |
| Stella | 𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭 /staːra/ | 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎼 /staːra/ | 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 /star/ | stāre /staːre/ | astārag /asˈtaːraɡ/ | 𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭫𐭪 /staːraɡ/ | 𐀀𐀳𐀫 /astɛːr/ |
| Notte | — /—/ | 𐎧𐏁𐎱 /xʃapa/ | 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬞 /xʃap/ | ʾxšp /xʃap/ | ʾxšp /xʃap/ | 𐭱𐭯 /ʃab/ | — /—/ |
| Neve | 𑀩𑁅𑀭 /baura/ | — | 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀 /wafra/ | wafrā /wafraː/ | wafr /wafr/ | 𐭥𐭯𐭫 /wafr/ | — |
| Vento | 𑀩𑀸𑀢 /baːtæ/ | — | 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀 /ˈʋaːta/ | wāt /waːt/ | wād /waːd/ | 𐭥𐭠𐭲 /waːd/ | 𐀀𐀚𐀗 /anemos/ |
| Montagna | 𑀕𑀭 /ɡara/ | 𐎣𐎢𐎳 /kaufa/ | 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 /ɡairi/ | γari /ɣari/ | kōf /koːf/ | 𐭢𐭫 /ɡar/ | — |
| Madre | 𑀫𑀸𑀢 /maːta/ | 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ | 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ | mʾtr /maːtar/ | mād /maːd/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/ | 𐀔𐀳 /maːtɛːr/ |
| Padre | 𑀧𑀺𑀢 /pita/ | 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ | 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ | ptr /pitar/ | pid /pid/ | 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/ | 𐀞𐀳 /patɛːr/ |
| Figlia | 𑀤𑀽𑀢 /duːta/ | — | 𐬛𐬎𐬔𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬭 /duɡədar/ | ẟwγt /ðuɣd/ | duxt /duxt/ | 𐭣𐭥𐭧𐭲 /duxt/ | 𐀶𐀏𐀳 /tʰuɡatɛːr/ |
| Io | 𑀅𑀬𑁆𑀲𑀼 /azu/ | 𐎠𐎭𐎶 /adam/ | 𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨 /azəm/ | azu /azu/ | az /az/ | 𐭠𐭭 /an/ | 𐀁𐀒 /eɡɔː/ |
| Tu | 𑀢𑀽 /tuː/ | 𐎬𐎢𐎺𐎶 /tuvam/ | 𐬙𐬏𐬨 /tuːm/ | tγu /tɣu/ | tu /tuː/ | 𐭲𐭥 /toː/ | 𐀶 /tuː/ |
| Noi | — /—/ | 𐎺𐎹𐎶 /vajam/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬨 /vaeːm/ | mʾx /maːx/ | amāh /amaːh/ | 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭧 /amaːh/ | — /—/ |
| Nome | 𑀦𑀸𑀫 /naːma/ | 𐎴𐎠𐎶 /naːma/ | 𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 /naːman/ | nām /naːm/ | nām /naːm/ | 𐭭𐭠𐭬 /naːm/ | 𐀃𐀜𐀔 /onoma/ |
| Testa | 𑀓𑀫𑀮 /kamala/ | — | 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬵 /sarah/ | sari /sari/ | sar /sar/ | 𐭮𐭫 /sar/ | — |
| Occhio | 𑀘𑁂𑀰𑁆𑀫𑀦𑁆 /tʃʰeʃman/ | 𐏂𐏁𐎶𐎴 /tʃaʃman/ | 𐬗𐬀𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥 /tʃaʃman/ | cšm /tʃaʃm/ | čašm /tʃaʃm/ | 𐭰𐭱𐭬 /tʃaʃm/ | — /—/ |
| Bocca | 𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀼𑀭𑁆𑀭 /tːurːa/ | — | 𐬁𐬵 /aːh/ | rγʾh /raɣaː/ | rumb /rumb/ | — | — |
| Dente | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐬛𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬥 /dantan/ | dntʾ /danda/ | dndʾn /dandaːn/ | 𐭣𐭭𐭣𐭠𐭭 /dandaːn/ | — /—/ |
| Lingua | — /—/ | 𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶 /hizaːnam/ | 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 /hizuaː/ | ʾzβʾk /əzβaːk/ | ʾzbʾn /izβaːn/ | 𐭦𐭥𐭠𐭭 /zuwaːn/ | — /—/ |
| Mano | 𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀢 /dasta/ | 𐎭𐎿𐎫 /dasta/ | 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 /zasta/ | dst /dast/ | dast /dast/ | 𐭣𐭮𐭲 /dast/ | 𐀐𐀁 /kʰɛːr/ |
| Piede | 𑀧𑀸𑀅 /paːa/ | 𐎱𐎠𐎭 /paːda/ | 𐬞𐬀𐬛 /pad/ | pʾδ /paːð/ | pʾd /paːð/ | 𐭯𐭠𐭣𐭩 /paːj/ | 𐀡𐀆 /podei/ |
| Cuore | 𑀬𑀲𑀭 /zəra/ | 𐏀𐎼𐎭 /zard/ | 𐬰𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛 /zərəd/ | δrzy /ðərʒeː/ | zyrd /zird/ | 𐭣𐭩𐭫 /dil/ | — /—/ |
| Osso | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐬀𐬯𐬙 /ast/ | ʾstk /əstak/ | ʾstg /astaɡ/ | 𐭠𐭮𐭲 /ast/ | — /—/ |
| Sangue | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬍 /vohuniː/ | γwrn /xurn/ | gwhn /ɡuxn/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭭 /xoːn/ | — /—/ |
| Amore | 𑀅𑀭𑁆𑀭𑀽 /arːuː/ | 𐎳𐎼𐎡𐎹 /frija/ | 𐬟𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 /frija/ | frytk /friːtak/ | friyādan /frijaːdan/ | 𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭩 /doːʃiː/ | 𐀠𐀫 /pʰilos/ |
| Albero | 𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀼 /drːu/ | — /—/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 /waesa/ | drxt /draxt/ | dār /daːr/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭧𐭲 /draxt/ | 𐀈𐀬 /doru/ |
| Cane | 𑀰𑀼 /ʂu/ | 𐎿𐎱𐎣 /spaka/ | 𐬯𐬞𐬁 /spaː/ | ʾkw /aːkuː/ | spag /spaɡ/ | 𐭮𐭢 /saɡ/ | 𐀓𐀺 /kuwɔːn/ |
| Gatto | 𑀲𑀼𑀲𑀺 /susi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭡𐭢 /ɡurbaɡ/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀 /masja/ | mʾšy /maːʃi/ | mʾsyg /maːsjaɡ/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭧𐭩𐭪 /maːhiːɡ/ | — /—/ |
| Uccello | 𑀫𑀼𑀭 /mura/ | — | 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 /mərəɣa/ | mrγ /marɣ/ | murw /murw/ | 𐭬𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭠 /murw/ | — |
| Casa | 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀳 /bjaːha/ | 𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹 /maːnija/ | 𐬥𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬀 /nmaːna/ | kṯʾk /kaθaːk/ | xānag /xaːnaɡ/ | 𐭧𐭠𐭭𐭪 /xaːnaɡ/ | 𐀺𐀂𐀒 /woikos/ |
| Sale | 𑀦𑀫𑁆𑀯 /namva/ | — | — | nmʾšk /namaʃk/ | nmydk /nameːdk/ | 𐭭𐭬𐭪 /namak/ | — |
| Mangiare | 𑀧𑀭𑀢 /parætæ/ | 𐎧𐎼 /xar/ | 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭 /xwar/ | xwartan /xwartan/ | xward- /xward/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭 /xwardan/ | 𐀁𐀈𐀕𐀙 /edmenai/ |
| Bere | 𑀧𑀻𑀅 /piːa/ | 𐎱𐎠 /paː/ | 𐬞𐬁 /paː/ | pi- /pi/ | pī- /piː/ | 𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭 /noːʃiːdan/ | 𐀡𐀜 /piːnɔː/ |
| Uno | 𑀰𑁆𑀰𑁅 /ɕau/ | 𐎠𐎡𐎺 /aiwa/ | 𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀 /aewa/ | yw /jɛw/ | ēw /eːw/ | 𐭠𐭩𐭪 /eːk/ | 𐀁 /hen/ |
| Due | 𑀤𑀼𑀯 /duva/ | 𐎯𐎢𐎺 /duva/ | 𐬛𐬬𐬀 /dva/ | aδwa /aðwa/ | dō /doː/ | 𐭣𐭥 /doː/ | 𐀉𐀺 /duwoː/ |
| Tre | 𑀤𑀭𑁂 /drai/ | 𐎨𐎡𐏂 /θraja/ | 𐬚𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬊 /θraːjoː/ | ʾδry /ðreː/ | hry /hreː/ | 𐭮𐭧 /seː/ | 𐀯𐀪 /tiri/ |
| Cinque | 𑀧𑀁𑀚𑁆𑀲 /pandza/ | — | 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 /pantʃa/ | pnc /pantʃ/ | panj /pandʒ/ | 𐭯𐭭𐭰 /pandʒ/ | — |
| Cento | 𑀲𑀢 /sata/ | — | 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 /satəm/ | st /sat/ | sad /sad/ | 𐭮𐭣 /sad/ | — |
| Ciao | 𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀽𑀤𑀻 /drːuːdiː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | drwd /druːd/ | drōd /droːd/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭥𐭲 /droːd/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | 𑀧𑁆𑀬𑀰𑁆𑀢 /pjaʃta/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | spās /spaːs/ | 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮 /spaːs/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | 𑀯𑀺𑀭𑀢𑁆𑀢 /viratːa/ | 𐎴𐎡𐎲 /naiba/ | 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎 /vohu/ | nyk /neːk/ | nēw /neːw/ | 𐭥𐭩𐭧 /weh/ | 𐀀𐀏𐀳 /aɡatʰos/ |
| Rosso | 𑀭𑁆𑀭𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀢 /rːusta/ | — /—/ | 𐬯𐬎𐬑𐬭𐬀 /suxra/ | swxr /suxr/ | swxr /suxr/ | 𐭮𐭥𐭧𐭫 /suxr/ | 𐀁𐀬𐀲𐀨 /erutʰraː/ |
| Bianco | 𑀰𑁆𑀰𑀻𑀢 /ɕːiːta/ | — | 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 /spaeta/ | ʾspʾyt /ispeːt/ | ispēd /ispeːd/ | 𐭮𐭯𐭩𐭲 /speːd/ | 𐀩𐀄𐀒 /leukos/ |
| Nero | 𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀯 /hasva/ | — | 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 /saːma/ | šāw /ʃaːw/ | syʾw /sjaːw/ | 𐭮𐭩𐭣 /sjaː/ | — |
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