Juǀ'hoansi
Juǀʼhoan
kx'a (ju)
Il juǀ'hoan è una lingua kx'a del popolo san (boscimani) del Kalahari, celebre per uno dei più ampi inventari fonemici al mondo: 4 tipi di clic (dentale ǀ, alveolare ǃ, laterale ǁ, palatale ǂ) combinati con 17 accompagnamenti, che producono quasi 50 consonanti clic. Le vocali portano tono, nasalizzazione, mormorìo (voce soffiata) e faringalizzazione.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in juǀʼhoan
Fonti
- Dickens, Patrick J. (1994) English-Juǀ'hoan Juǀ'hoan-English Dictionary. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
- Snyman, Jan W. (1970) An Introduction to the !Xũ (!Kung) Language. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
- Miller, Amanda (2011) The Representation of Clicks. In The Blackwell Companion to Phonology.
- Glottolog: Juǀ'hoan
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: kx'a (ju)
| Significato | Juǀʼhoan | Korana | Taa | Dakota | Lakota | Nama | Hajong |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | gǃú /ᶢǃú/ | ǁammi /ǁamːi/ | ǃqhàa /ǃqʰaː/ | mní /mní/ | mní /mní/ | ǁgam-i /ǁɡamːi/ | pani /pani/ |
| Fuoco | daʼa /daʔa/ | ǀʼaeb /ǀʔaeb/ | ǀʼàã /ǀʼãː/ | phéta /pʰéta/ | pȟéta /pˣéta/ | ǀae-s /ǀaes/ | ag /aɡ/ |
| Sole | ǀam /ǀam/ | sores /sores/ | ǁʼân /ǁʼã/ | aŋpétuwí /aŋpétuwí/ | wí /wí/ | sores /sores/ | bela /bela/ |
| Luna | nǃui /ᵑǃui/ | ǁxãb /ǁxãb/ | ǃqhàn /ǃqʰã/ | haŋyétuwí /haŋjétuwí/ | haŋhépi wí /haŋhépi wí/ | ǁkhâb /ǁkʰãːb/ | চান /tʃan/ |
| Stella | ǂuhn /ǂṳ̃/ | ǀʼamirob /ǀʔamirob/ | ǃqʰái /ǃqʰái/ | wičaȟpi /witʃaχpi/ | wičháȟpi /witʃʰáχpi/ | ǀgamiros /ǀɡamiros/ | tara /taɾa/ |
| Notte | gǀu /ᶢǀu/ | thũxub /tʰũxub/ | ǃnoe /ǃnoe/ | haŋyetu /hãjetu/ | haŋhépi /hãhépi/ | tsuxub /tsuxub/ | rati /rati/ |
| Pioggia | gǃà /ᶢǃà/ | tūs /tuːs/ | ǃkxʼôe /ǃkxʼoe/ | maǧažu /maɣaʒu/ | maǧážu /maɣáʒu/ | ǀnanub /ǀnanub/ | mek /mek/ |
| Pietra | nǃòm /ᵑǃòm/ | ǀʼuis /ǀʔuis/ | — | íŋyaŋ /ĩ́jã/ | íŋyaŋ /ˈĩjã/ | ǀuib /ǀuib/ | — |
| Madre | taqe /taˤe/ | ĩs /ĩs/ | qáe /qae/ | iná /iná/ | iná /iná/ | ǁgûs /ǁɡũːs/ | ma /ma/ |
| Padre | ba /bà/ | abob /abob/ | a̰a /a̰a/ | até /até/ | até /até/ | ǁgûb /ǁɡũːb/ | baba /baba/ |
| Figlia | ǂxàè /ᵏǂᵡàè/ | õas /õas/ | — | čuŋkší /tʃũkʃí/ | čhuŋwíŋtku /tʃʰuŋwíŋtku/ | ôas /õas/ | — |
| Io | mi /mí/ | tita /titá/ | ń /ŋ̩/ | miyé /mijé/ | miyé /mijé/ | tita /titá/ | moi /muɪ/ |
| Tu | a /à/ | sats /sats/ | a /aː/ | niyé /nijé/ | niyé /nijé/ | sats /sats/ | tui /tuɪ/ |
| Noi | mǃa /mǃa/ | sada / sida /sada / sida/ | īh /iː/ | uŋkiyepi /ũkijepi/ | uŋkíyepi /ũkíjepi/ | sada / sida /sada / sida/ | amra /amra/ |
| Nome | ǃu /ǃu/ | ǀkxʼonna /ǀkxʼonːa/ | ǀqʼûle /ǀʛûle/ | čažé /tʃaʒé/ | čhažé /tʃʰaʒé/ | ǀons /ǀòns/ | nam /nam/ |
| Testa | nǀáí /ᵑǀáí/ | mũǃʼãb /mũǃʔãb/ | ǀnàn /ǀnã/ | phá /pʰá/ | natá /naˈta/ | danas /danas/ | — |
| Occhio | gǀaʼa /ᶢǀaʔa/ | mũb /mũb/ | ǃʼûĩ /ǃʼũĩ/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | mûs /mũːs/ | soku /sɔku/ |
| Dente | nǁah /ᵑǁa̤/ | ǁũb /ǁũb/ | ǃxu /ǃχu/ | hi /hi/ | hi /hi/ | ǁgûb /ǁɡũːb/ | dat /dat/ |
| Lingua | dhari /dtʰari/ | tamma /tamːa/ | ǃnani /ǃnani/ | čeži /tʃeʒi/ | čhejí /tʃʰeʒí/ | nammi /namːi/ | jiba /dʒiba/ |
| Mano | gǃau /ᶢǃau/ | ǃʼommi /ǃʔomːi/ | ǀkxʼàa /ǀkxʼaː/ | napé /naˈpe/ | napé /napé/ | ǃom-mi /ǃomːi/ | hat /hat/ |
| Piede | ǀkáí /ǀkxáí/ | ǂaib /ǂʔaib/ | ǂnùũ /ǂnũũ/ | sihá /sihá/ | sihá /sihá/ | ǂaidi /ǂaidi/ | theng /ʈʰeŋ/ |
| Cuore | ǃka /ǃkxʼa/ | ǂaob /ǂaob/ | ǀqʼàn /ǀqʼã/ | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | ǂgaob /ǂɡaob/ | mon /mon/ |
| Osso | ǃʼu /ᵑ̊ǃˀu/ | ǂxōb /ǂxoːb/ | ǂàã /ǂãã/ | huhú /huhú/ | hohú /hohú/ | ǂkhōb /ǂkʰoːb/ | harang /haraŋ/ |
| Sangue | ǀʼang /ᵑ̊ǀˀaŋ/ | ǀʼaob /ǀʔaob/ | ǃxãu /ǃχãũ/ | we /we/ | wé /wé/ | ǀaob /ǀaop/ | rokto /rɔkto/ |
| Amore | ǀʼán /ǀʼán/ | ǀnam /ǀnam/ | — /—/ | thečhíȟida /tʰetʃʰíχida/ | thečhíȟila /tʰetʃʰíxila/ | ǀnam /ǀnam/ | — /—/ |
| Albero | ǃaihn /ǃaĩ̤/ | hais /hais/ | ʼʘnàje /ʔʘnaje/ | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | hai-s /hais/ | gas /ɡas/ |
| Cane | gǂhuin /ᶢᵏǂʰuĩ/ | arib /arib/ | ǂqhài /ǂqʰai/ | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | arib /arib/ | kuthura /kutʰuɾa/ |
| Gatto | ǃhòè /ᵑǃʰòè/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | igmúŋ /iɡmúŋ/ | igmúŋke /iɡmúŋke/ | ǀores /ǀores/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | ǁʼau /ᵑ̊ǁˀau/ | ǁʼaub /ǁʔaub/ | ǀqhaa /ǀqʰaa/ | hogan /hoɣã/ | hogán /hoɣã́/ | ǁaub /ǁaub/ | mas /maːtʃʰ/ |
| Uccello | tzama /tsʼama/ | kxʼanis /kxʼanis/ | — | zitkána /zitˈkana/ | ziŋtkála /zĩˈtkala/ | anis /anis/ | — |
| Casa | tjù /tʃʼù/ | kxʼommi /kxʼomːi/ | — /—/ | thípi /tʰípi/ | thípi /tʰípi/ | oms /oms/ | ghor /ɡʱoɾ/ |
| Sale | gúí /ɡúí/ | ǂkxʼōb /ǂkxʼoːb/ | — | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | ǂōb /ǂoːp/ | — |
| Mangiare | ʼm /ʔm/ | ǂʼũ /ǂʼũ/ | ʼâã /ʔãː/ | yúta /júta/ | yúta /júta/ | ǂû /ǂũː/ | kha /kʰa/ |
| Bere | kxʼáí /kxʼái/ | kxʼā /kxʼaː/ | kxʼāhã /kxʼaːhã/ | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | ā /aː/ | kha /kʰa/ |
| Dormire | tza /tsʼa/ | ǁūm /ǁʔuːm/ | ʘân /ʘã/ | ištíma /iʃtíma/ | ištíma /iʃˈtima/ | ǁom /ǁom/ | ghuma /ɡʱuma/ |
| Uno | nǀèʼè /ᵑǀèʼè/ | ǀui /ǀui/ | ǂʼûã /ǂʼũã/ | waŋžidaŋ /waŋʒidaŋ/ | waŋží /waŋʒí/ | ǀgui /ǀɡui/ | ek /ek/ |
| Due | tsàn /tsã̀/ | ǀam /ǀam/ | ǂnûm /ǂûm/ | nųpa /nũpa/ | núŋpa /nṹpa/ | ǀgam /ǀɡàm/ | dui /duɪ/ |
| Tre | nǃàní /ᵑǃàní/ | ǃnona /ǃnona/ | ǁaeˀe /ǁaeʔe/ | yamni /jamni/ | yámni /jámni/ | ǃnona /ǃnoná/ | tin /tin/ |
| Quattro | tsàn ko tsàn /tsã̀ ko tsã̀/ | haka /haka/ | — | tópa /tópa/ | tópa /tópa/ | haka /haka/ | — |
| Cinque | tsàn ko nǃàní /tsã̀ ko ᵑǃani/ | koro /koro/ | — | záptaŋ /záptã/ | záptaŋ /záptã/ | koro /koro/ | — |
| Ciao | mí kúrùwà /mí kúrùwà/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | háu /háu/ | háu /háu/ | matisâ /matisãː/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | mí ǁʼàmà /mí ǁʼàmà/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | pidámayaye /pidámajaje/ | philámayaye /pʰilámajaje/ | aios /aios/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | ǀʼàn /ǀʼàn/ | ǃãĩ /ǃãĩ/ | — /—/ | wašté /waʃté/ | wašté /waʃté/ | ǃgâib /ǃɡãĩb/ | bhala /bʱala/ |
| Rosso | gǃaan /ᶢǃaːn/ | ǀkxʼaba /ǀkxʼaba/ | ǀàa /ǀàa/ | šá /ʃa/ | šá /ʃa/ | ǀapa /ǀapa/ | lal /lal/ |
| Bianco | ǃàʼú /ǃàʔú/ | xati /xati/ | — | ska /ska/ | ská /ská/ | ǃuri /ǃuri/ | dhola /dʱola/ |
| Verde | ǀauhn /ǀauhn/ | ǃkxʼam /ǃkxʼam/ | ᶢǀa̤ʕi /ᶢǀa̤ʕi/ | tȟó /txó/ | tȟózi /ˈtxozi/ | ǃgam /ǃɡam/ | — |
| Blu | ǀauhn /ǀauhn/ | ǃnoā /ǃnoaː/ | ᶢǀa̤ʕi /ᶢǀa̤ʕi/ | tȟó /txó/ | tȟó /txó/ | ǃhoa /ǃʰoa/ | — |
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