Nhanda
Kinhanda
Pama-Nyunga
Nhanda (pia hujulikana kama Nanda au Nhanta) ni lugha ya Waaborijini ya familia ya Pama-Nyungan iliyo hatarini kutoweka kwa kiwango cha juu, ya pwani ya kati ya Murchison-Gascoyne ya Australia Magharibi, karibu na Geraldton na Kalbarri. Lugha hii ina wazungumzaji wazee wapatao 30 wanaoizungumza kwa ufasaha pamoja na wazungumzaji wapatao 60 wa kiasi miongoni mwa idadi pana ya kabila la Nhanda ya watu wapatao 750. Nhanda huhifadhi sifa za kawaida za Pama-Nyungan ikiwa ni pamoja na mpangilio wa ergative-absolutive, mofolojia ya nomino yenye viambishi tamati, na istilahi tajiri za ujamaa. Sarufi rejea ya Blevins ya mwaka 2001 (Nhanda Aboriginal Language) iliifanya lugha ipatikane katika isimu ya kitaaluma, na Nhanda Aboriginal Language Centre inayoongozwa na jamii inaunga mkono uhuishaji unaoendelea kupitia programu za shule, miradi ya historia simulizi, na Wajarri-Nhanda Cultural Centre.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kinhanda
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Pama-Nyunga
| Maana | Kinhanda | Kimartu Wangka | Kipintupi-Luritja | Kipitjantjatjara | Kiadnyamathanha | Kilardil | Kiwarlpiri |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | kapi /kapi/ | kapi /kapi/ | kapi /kapi/ | kapi /kapi/ | awi /awi/ | nguka /ŋuka/ | ngapa /ŋapa/ |
| Moto | warla /waɻla/ | waru /waɻu/ | waru /waɻu/ | waru /waɻu/ | ardrla /aʈɭa/ | nyuda /ɲuda/ | warlu /waɭu/ |
| Jua | wurʼa /wuɾʔa/ | jirntu /ciɳʈu/ | tjintu /cintu/ | tjintu /cintu/ | yurnrdu /juɳʈu/ | warrka /waɾka/ | wanta /wanta/ |
| Mwezi | kanyala /kaɲala/ | panyalpa /paɲalpa/ | pira /piɻa/ | pira /piɻa/ | viRa /viɹa/ | kirdikir /kiɖikir/ | kirntangi /kiɳʈaŋi/ |
| Nyota | indiya /indija/ | kurtalya /kuʈaʎa/ | kililpi /kiˈlilpi/ | kililpil /kiˈlilpil/ | vurdli /vuʈli/ | kuwa thungal /kuwa θuŋal/ | yanjilypiri /jaɲɟiʎpiɻi/ |
| Usiku | maru /maru/ | munga /muŋa/ | munga /muŋa/ | munga /muŋa/ | wilydya /wiʎca/ | nata /nata/ | munga /muŋa/ |
| Mvua | pundu /pundu/ | — | — | mina /ˈmina/ | warrana /warana/ | — | minyira /miɲiɻa/ |
| Upepo | uudinu /uudinu/ | walypa /waʎpa/ | walpa /walpa/ | walpa /walpa/ | milyaRu /miʎaɹu/ | — | warlpa /waɭpa/ |
| Mama | ngamaji /ŋamadʒi/ | yipi /jipi/ | ngunytju /ŋuɲcu/ | ngunytju /ŋuɲcu/ | ngami /ŋami/ | ngama /ŋama/ | ngati /ŋati/ |
| Baba | kuthurra /kutʰuɻa/ | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ | vapi /vapi/ | kantha /kan̪t̪a/ | kirda /kiɖa/ |
| Binti | yurdu /juɖu/ | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | yuṉṯalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | uṉṯal /uɳʈal/ | — | — | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ |
| Mimi | ngayi /ŋaji/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ | ngayulu /ŋajulu/ | ngayulu /ŋajulu/ | ngayi /ŋaji/ | ngada /ŋada/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ |
| Wewe | nyini /ɲini/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nhina /n̪ina/ | nyingki /ɲiŋki/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ |
| Sisi | ngayinu /ŋajinu/ | — /—/ | nganana /ŋanaɳa/ | nganana /ŋanaɳa/ | ngarlpurla /ŋaɭpuɭa/ | ngakuli / nyali /ŋakuli / ɲali/ | ngalipa / nganimpa /ŋalipa / ŋanimpa/ |
| Jina | yini /jini/ | yini /jini/ | yini /jini/ | ini /ini/ | mityi /mici/ | nyunda /ɲunda/ | yirdi /jiɖi/ |
| Mtu | arnmanu /aɳmanu/ | martu /maʈu/ | yanangu /janaŋu/ | aṉangu /aɳaŋu/ | yuRa /juɹa/ | — | yapa /japa/ |
| Jicho | kuru /kuɻu/ | kuru /kuɻu/ | kuru /kuɻu/ | kuru /kuɻu/ | mina /mina/ | kuwa /kuwa/ | milpa /milpa/ |
| Sikio | wurtka /wuʈka/ | pina /pina/ | pina /pina/ | pina /pɪnɐ/ | yuri /juɾi/ | — | langa /laŋa/ |
| Pua | muttha /mut̪a/ | mulya /muʎa/ | mulya /muʎa/ | mulya /ˈmulja/ | — | — | mulyu /muʎu/ |
| Mdomo | ngarnmanu /ŋaɳmanu/ | jaa /caː/ | tjaa /caː/ | tjaa /caː/ | — | — | lirra /liɾa/ |
| Jino | idaji /idadʒi/ | yirra /jira/ | katiti /katiti/ | katiti /katiti/ | ira /iɾa/ | kadma leman /kadma leman/ | kartirdi /kaʈiɖi/ |
| Ulimi | thalanyu /t̪alaɲu/ | jarlinypa /caɭiɲpa/ | tjalinypa /caliɲpa/ | tjalinypa /caliɲpa/ | yarli /jaɭi/ | jalda leman /dʒalda leman/ | jalanypa /ɟalaɲpa/ |
| Mkono | mara /maɻa/ | mara /maɻa/ | mara /maɻa/ | mara /maɻa/ | mara /maɾa/ | marlda /maɭda/ | rdaka /ɖaka/ |
| Mguu | yina /jina/ | jina /cina/ | tjina /cina/ | tjina /cɪnɐ/ | idna /idna/ | jaa /dʒaː/ | wirliya /wiɭija/ |
| Moyo | pulpara /pulpaɻa/ | kurturtu /kuʈuʈu/ | kututu /kututu/ | kurunpa /kuɻunpa/ | yurlk-aka /juɭkaka/ | bulja /buldʒa/ | rduku-rduku /ɖukuɖuku/ |
| Mfupa | mambu /mambu/ | tarrka /tarka/ | tarrka /taɾka/ | tarka /taɻka/ | warlpu /waɭpu/ | kadma /kadma/ | larrpa /laɾpa/ |
| Damu | nguba /ŋuba/ | miji /miɟi/ | milkali /milkali/ | milkali /milkali/ | arti /aʈi/ | kanda /kanda/ | yalyu /jaʎu/ |
| Kinyesi | wuna /wuna/ | — | kuna /kuna/ | kuna /kuna/ | udna /utna/ | — | kuna /kuna/ |
| Upendo | kanyji /kaɲdʒi/ | mukulyu /mukuʎu/ | mukulya /mukuʎa/ | mukulya /mukuʎa/ | ngadha-pa- /ŋat̪apa/ | — /—/ | yulkami /julkami/ |
| Mti | parntany /paɳʈaɲ/ | warta /waʈa/ | punu /punu/ | punu /punu/ | wirti /wiʈi/ | thungal /θuŋal/ | watiya /watija/ |
| Mbwa | kuwiyarl /kuwijaɻl/ | papa /papa/ | papa /papa/ | papa /papa/ | wirlka /wiɭka/ | ngawa /ŋawa/ | jarntu /ɟaɳʈu/ |
| Paka | paka /paka/ | — /—/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mungalpa /muŋalpa/ |
| Samaki | wiitya /wiːca/ | yurta /juʈa/ | piitji /piːʈi/ | antipina /antipina/ | varru /varu/ | yaka /jaka/ | yawu /jawu/ |
| Kipepeo | ngaabeera /ŋaːbeːra/ | — | pintapinta /pintapinta/ | pinta-pinta /pintapinta/ | arli vilhi-vilhi /aɭi vil̪i-vil̪i/ | — | pinta-pinta /pintapinta/ |
| Nyumba | nhurra /ɳuɻa/ | ngurra /ŋura/ | ngurra /ŋuɾa/ | ngura /ŋuɻa/ | wardrli /waʈɭi/ | ngambirr /ŋambir/ | yuwarli /juwaɭi/ |
| Kula | ngarna /ŋaɻna/ | ngalku- /ŋalku/ | ngalkuni /ŋalkuni/ | ngalkuni /ŋalkuni/ | ngarlku- /ŋaɭku/ | jitha /dʒiθa/ | ngarni /ŋaɳi/ |
| Kunywa | nyuna /ɲuna/ | jikirnu /cikiɳu/ | tjikini /cikini/ | tjikini /cikini/ | yapa- /japa/ | kurdama /kuɖama/ | purrami /puɾami/ |
| Kulala | wuupata /wuːpata/ | kunyalarri- /kuɲalari/ | kunkunpa /kunkunpa/ | kunkunarinyi /kuŋkunaɻiɲi/ | miya /mija/ | — | jarda ngunami /ɟaɖa ŋunami/ |
| Moja | kuyu /kuju/ | kuju /kucu/ | kutju /kucu/ | kutju /kucu/ | ubmanaka /upmanaka/ | warnge /waɾŋe/ | jinta /ɟinta/ |
| Mbili | wuthada /wut̪ada/ | kujarra /kucara/ | kutjarra /kucaɾa/ | kutjara /kucaɻa/ | alypilhanha /aʎpil̪an̪a/ | kiyarrng /kijaɾŋ/ | jirrama /ɟiɾama/ |
| Tatu | marnngurdu /maɳŋuɖu/ | yurri /juri/ | tjirripala /ciripala/ | maṉkurpa /maɳkuɻpa/ | urlpa-rrina /uɭparina/ | mungkalan /muŋkalan/ | jirrama-kari-jinta /ɟiɾamakaɾiɟinta/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | palya /paʎa/ | palya /paʎa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | palya /paʎa/ | palya /paʎa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | walykumarra /waʎkumaɻa/ | palya /paʎa/ | palya /paʎa/ | palya /paʎa/ | warnrdu /waɳʈu/ | kuba /kuba/ | ngurrju /ŋuɾɟu/ |
| Nyekundu | marniwidi /maɳiwidi/ | miji-miji /miɟimiɟi/ | yulpa /julpa/ | tjitintjitinpa /tʃitintʃitinpa/ | yalhdhatyi /jal̪t̪aci/ | kandukan /kandukan/ | yalyu-yalyu /jaʎujaʎu/ |
| Nyeupe | wilidi /wilidi/ | ngintarlpa /ŋintaɭpa/ | piranpa /piɾanpa/ | piranpa /piɾanpa/ | upa /upa/ | — | kardirri /kaɖiɾi/ |
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