Nawat
Kipipil
Kiuto-Azteki
Kinawat (kinachoitwa pia Pipil, na jina lake la asili Nawat) ni lugha ya Kinahua ya Kiuto-Azteki inayotokana na wahamiaji waliokuwa wakizungumza Kinahuatl cha Kale waliohamia kusini kutoka Mexico ya kati hadi El Salvador karibu mwaka 800-900 BK. Watu wa Pipil wanaozungumza Kinawat walidumisha lugha yao ya kiasili kwa miaka 800 kabla ya kuathirika vibaya na mauaji ya La Matanza ya mwaka 1932, ambapo serikali ya El Salvador iliua watu wa kiasili wanaokadiriwa kuwa 10,000 hadi 40,000, wengi wao wakiwa wazungumzaji wa Kinawat. Baada ya mwaka 1932, wazungumzaji wa Kinawat walionusurika walificha utambulisho na lugha yao ya kiasili kwa usalama, jambo lililosababisha mabadiliko ya lugha karibu kabisa. Leo, wamesalia wazungumzaji fasaha wapatao 500 hadi 2000 tu, takriban wote wakiwa wazee. Juhudi za uhuishaji tangu miaka ya 1990 ni pamoja na programu za elimu ya lugha mbili, programu ya shahada ya lugha ya Kinawat katika Chuo Kikuu cha Don Bosco, na mradi wa uhuishaji wa kitamaduni wa Kinawat wa IRIN-USAID. Kiisimu, Kinawat huhifadhi sifa za Kinahuatl cha baada ya kale ambazo hazipo katika aina za kisasa za Kinahuatl cha Mexico.
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Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiuto-Azteki
| Maana | Kipipil | Kinahuatl cha Huasteca cha Kati | Kinahuatl cha Huasteca cha Mashariki | Kinahuatl cha Huasteca cha Magharibi | Kinahuatl cha Istmo | Kinahuatl cha Guerrero | Kinahuatl cha Kale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | at /at/ | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | a̱ꞌti /aːʔti/ | atl /atɬ/ | ātl /aːtɬ/ |
| Moto | tit /tit/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tiꞌti /tiʔti/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlētl /tɬeːtɬ/ |
| Jua | tunal /tunal/ | tonati /tonati/ | tonati /tonati/ | tonati /tonati/ | to̱nati̱ꞌ /toːnatiːʔ/ | tonajli /tonahli/ | tōnatiuh /toːnatiw/ |
| Mwezi | metzti /meːtsti/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | me̱tzti /meːtsti/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | mētztli /meːtstɬi/ |
| Nyota | sital /ˈsital/ | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ | sitlali /siˈtɬali/ | sitlali /siˈtɬali/ | si̱talin /siːtalin/ | sitlalin /siˈtɬalin/ | cītlālin /siːˈtɬaːlin/ |
| Usiku | tayua /tajuwa/ | youali /jowali/ | yohuali /jowali/ | yohuali /jowali/ | yóhual /ˈjowal/ | yowalli /jowalːi/ | yohualli /joːwalːi/ |
| Mvua | kiawit /kiawit/ | kiyawit /kiˈjawit/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | tiahua̱ꞌ /tiawaːʔ/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | quiyahuitl /kiˈjawitɬ/ |
| Upepo | ejekat /eˈhekat/ | ajakatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ejecaꞌ /ehekaʔ/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ehecatl /eˈhekatɬ/ |
| Udongo | tal /ˈtaːl/ | tlali /tɬali/ | tlali /tɬali/ | tlali /tɬali/ | ta̱jli /taːhli/ | tlajli /tɬahli/ | tlālli /tɬaːlːi/ |
| Jiwe | tet /tet/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ | teꞌti /teʔti/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ | tetl /tetɬ/ |
| Mlima | tepet /ˈtepet/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepe̱ꞌ /tepeːʔ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepētl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ |
| Mama | nan /nan/ | nana /nana/ | mama /mama/ | nana /nana/ | te̱ye̱ꞌ /teːjeːʔ/ | nanan /nanan/ | nāntli /naːntɬi/ |
| Baba | tat /tat/ | tata /tata/ | tata /tata/ | tata /tata/ | te̱taj /teːtah/ | tatah /tatah/ | tahtli /tahtɬi/ |
| Binti | nusiwapiltzin /nusiwaˈpiltsin/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | isihua̱piltzi̱n /isiwaːpiltsiːn/ | nochpoch /ˈnotʃpotʃ/ | ichpōchtli /itʃpoːtʃtɬi/ |
| Mimi | naja /ˈnaha/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | nej /neh/ | nejua /neˈwa/ | nehhuātl /neʔˈwaːtɬ/ |
| Wewe | taja /ˈtaha/ | ta /ta/ | ta /ta/ | ta /ta/ | tej /teh/ | tejua /teˈwa/ | tehhuātl /teʔˈwaːtɬ/ |
| Sisi | tejemet /teˈhemet/ | tojuanti /tohˈwanti/ | tojuanti /toˈhwanti/ | tojuanti /toˈhwanti/ | tejame̱n / nejame̱n /tehameːn / nehameːn/ | tejuamej /teˈwameh/ | tehhuāntin /teʔˈwaːntin/ |
| Jina | tukay /ˈtukaj/ | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ | tocaitl /tokaitɬ/ | tocaitl /toˈkaitɬ/ | to̱ca̱ꞌ /toːkaːʔ/ | tocaitl /toˈkaitɬ/ | tōcāitl /toːˈkaːitɬ/ |
| Mtu | takat /ˈtakat/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ | — | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | tlācatl /tɬaːkatɬ/ |
| Kichwa | tzuntekun /tsuntekun/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecon /tsontekon/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | cuāitl /kʷaːitɬ/ |
| Jicho | ish /iʃ/ | ixtioli /iʃtioli/ | ixtiyol /iʃtijol/ | ixteyol /iʃtejol/ | i̱xti /iːʃti/ | ixtololo /iʃtololo/ | īxtli /iːʃtɬi/ |
| Sikio | nakas /nakas/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacas /nakas/ | nacas /nakas/ | nacaztli /nakastɬi/ |
| Pua | yak /jak/ | yakatsoli /jakatsoli/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yacti /jakti/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ |
| Mdomo | ten /ten/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | te̱nti /teːnti/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camatl /kamatɬ/ |
| Jino | tan /tan/ | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ | tlancochtli /tɬankotʃtɬi/ | tlancochtli /tɬankotʃtɬi/ | tanti /tanti/ | tlan /tɬan/ | tlantli /tɬantɬi/ |
| Ulimi | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepili /nenepili/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | le̱nguaj /leːnɡʷah/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepilli /nenepilːi/ |
| Mkono | mey /mei/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | mayitl /majitɬ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | mayiꞌ /majiʔ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | māitl /maːitɬ/ |
| Mguu | ikshi /ikʃi/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxi /ikʃi/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ |
| Moyo | yulu /julu/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ | yollotl /jolːotɬ/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ | iya̱lmaj /ijaːlmah/ | yojlotl /johlotɬ/ | yōllōtl /joːlːoːtɬ/ |
| Mfupa | umit /umit/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omiꞌ /omiʔ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ |
| Damu | esti /esti/ | estli /estɬi/ | estli /estɬi/ | estli /estɬi/ | esti /esti/ | yestli /jestɬi/ | eztli /esˈtɬi/ |
| Kinyesi | kwitat /kʷitat/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | cuitaꞌ /kʷitaʔ/ | — | cuitlatl /kʷitɬatɬ/ |
| Upendo | tasujta /tasuhta/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ | quinequi /kineki/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | tlazōhtla /tɬasoːhtɬa/ |
| Mti | kwawit /kʷawit/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | cuahuiꞌ /kʷawiʔ/ | kojtli /kohtɬi/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ |
| Mbwa | pelu /peːlu/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | pe̱lo /peːlo/ | itzcuintli /itskʷintɬi/ | itzcuīntli /itskʷiːntɬi/ |
| Paka | mistun /mistuːŋ/ | misto /misto/ | mizto /misto/ | mizton /miston/ | misto̱n /mistoːn/ | miston /miston/ | mīztōn /miːstoːn/ |
| Samaki | michin /mitʃin/ | michi /mitʃi/ | michi /mitʃi/ | michi /mitʃi/ | to̱poj /toːpoh/ | michin /mitʃin/ | michin /mitʃin/ |
| Ndege | tutut /tutut/ | tototl /tototɬ/ | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | tototl /tototɬ/ | to̱to̱ꞌ /toːtoːʔ/ | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | tōtōtl /toːtoːtɬ/ |
| Kipepeo | papalut /papalut/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | me̱me̱ /meːmeː/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | pāpālōtl /paːpaːloːtɬ/ |
| Yai | teksisti /teksisti/ | tejsistli /tehsistɬi/ | tejquistli /tehkistɬi/ | tecsistli /teksistɬi/ | itecsis /iteksis/ | totoltetl /totolˈtetɬ/ | tōtoltetl /toːtoltetɬ/ |
| Dubu | tekwani metzkujkutu /teːˈkʷani metskuhkutu/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | tlācamāyeh /tɬaːkamaːjeʔ/ |
| Farasi | cahuayoh /kaˈwajuh/ | kauayoj /kaˈwajoh/ | cahuayo /kaˈwajo/ | cahuayo /kaˈwajo/ | cahua̱yoj /kaˈwaːjoh/ | caballo /kaˈbajo/ | cahuallo /kaˈwaːlːo/ |
| Nyumba | kal /kal/ | kali /kali/ | cali /kali/ | cali /kali/ | cajli /kahli/ | kajli /kahli/ | calli /kalːi/ |
| Asali | nekti /nekti/ | necti /nekti/ | nectli /nektɬi/ | nectli /nektɬi/ | necti /nekti/ | necutli /neˈkutɬi/ | neuctli /nekʷtɬi/ |
| Chumvi | istat /istat/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | istaꞌ /istaʔ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | iztatl /istatɬ/ |
| Chokoleti | chukulat /tʃukulat/ | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | — | chikolatl /tʃikoˈlatɬ/ | — |
| Chuma | tepusti /tepusti/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepos /tepos/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepoztli /tepostɬi/ |
| Gurudumu | rweda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | — | — | temalacatl /temalakatɬ/ |
| Kitabu | amat /amat/ | amochtli /aˈmotʃtɬi/ | amatl /amatɬ/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | a̱maꞌ /aːmaʔ/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | āmoxtli /aːˈmoʃtɬi/ |
| Kula | takwa /takwa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tacua /takʷa/ | tlakua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ |
| Kunywa | ati /ati/ | atli /atɬi/ | atli /atɬi/ | atli /atɬi/ | a̱ti /aːti/ | koni /koni/ | ātli /aːtɬi/ |
| Kulala | kuchi /ˈkutʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ |
| Moja | se /se/ | ce /se/ | se /se/ | se /se/ | se̱ /seː/ | ce /se/ | cē /seː/ |
| Mbili | ume /ˈume/ | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | o̱me /oːme/ | ome /ˈome/ | ōme /ˈoːme/ |
| Tatu | yey /jej/ | eyi /ejiː/ | eyi /ejiː/ | eyi /ejiː/ | e̱yi /eːji/ | yeyi /jeji/ | yei /jeːi/ |
| Nne | nawi /naːwi/ | nahui /naːwi/ | nahui /naːwi/ | nahui /nawi/ | na̱hui /naːwi/ | nahui /nawi/ | nāhui /naːwi/ |
| Tano | makwil /maˈkʷil/ | makuili /maˈkʷili/ | macuili /maˈkʷili/ | macuili /maˈkʷili/ | cinco /sinko/ | makuijli /makʷihli/ | mācuīlli /maːˈkʷiːlːi/ |
| Mia | tzunti /tsunti/ | cien /sjen/ | cien /sjen/ | cien /sjen/ | cien /sjen/ | ciento /ˈsjento/ | mācuīlpōhualli /maːkʷiːlpoːˈwalːi/ |
| Habari | ne pakua /ne pakwa/ | niltze /niltse/ | pialli /pialːi/ | niltze /niltse/ | — /—/ | panolti /panolti/ | niltze /niltse/ |
| Asante | padiush /padjuʃ/ | tlaskamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ | gracias /ɡrasjas/ | tlazohcamati /tɬasoʔkamati/ | tlazōhcāmati /tɬasoːhkaːmati/ |
| Nzuri | yek /jeːk/ | kuali /kʷali/ | cuali /kʷali/ | cuali /kʷali/ | ye̱cti /jeːkti/ | kuajli /kʷahli/ | cualli /kʷalːi/ |
| Mpya | yankwik /jaŋkʷik/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yancuiꞌ /jankʷiʔ/ | yencuic /ˈjenkʷik/ | yancuic /jankʷik/ |
| Nyekundu | chiltik /tʃiltik/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltic /tʃitʃiltik/ | chi̱ltiꞌ /tʃiːltiʔ/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltic /tʃitʃiltik/ |
| Nyeupe | istak /istak/ | istak /istak/ | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ | ista̱ꞌ /istaːʔ/ | istak /istak/ | iztāc /istaːk/ |
| Nyeusi | tiltik /tiltik/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | pi̱stiꞌ /piːstiʔ/ | capotztic /kaˈpotstik/ | tlīltic /tɬiːltik/ |
| Kijani | shushuwik /ʃuʃuwik/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxoctiꞌ /ʃoʃoktiʔ/ | xoxojki /ʃoˈʃohki/ | xoxoctic /ʃoʃoktik/ |
| Kompyuta | computadora | computadora /komputaˈdora/ | — | — | — | computadora /komputaˈdora/ | nepōhualtzintzin /nepoːwalˈtsintsin/ |
| Wi-Fi | WiFi | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sushi | sushi /suʃi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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