Bahsa Acèh
Acehnese
Austronesian (Chamic)
Acehnese (Bahsa Acèh) is the language of the Aceh Special Region of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, with ~3.5M speakers. Linguistically unusual among Indonesian languages — it belongs to the Chamic branch of Austronesian (along with Cham of Vietnam/Cambodia and Jarai), indicating ancient migration from mainland Southeast Asia (Funan/Champa) to Sumatra around the 1st millennium CE. Has a complex 10-vowel system (with high/low oral and 4 nasalized vowels), an unusual two-way pharyngealization contrast, and a focus-marking system. Historically written in Jawi (Arabic-derived script) for Islamic texts; today usually in Latin script with é è ô. The Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903) was a major Islamic regional power.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Acehnese
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Chamic)
| Meaning | Acehnese | Minangkabau | Musi | North Moluccan Malay | Patani Malay | Old Malay | Iban |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ie /ie/ | aia /aia/ | ayek /ajek/ | aer /aer/ | ayé /ajeʔ/ | air /air/ | ai /ai/ |
| Fire | apui /apui/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | mata uroe /mata uɾoe/ | matoari /matoaɾi/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matari /mataʁe/ | matari /matari/ | mata-ari /mataari/ |
| Moon | buleun /bulɯn/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulé /buleʔ/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintae /bintɛ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malɛ/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ |
| Rain | ujeuën /uɟɯən/ | ujan /ˈudʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | ujang /uˈdʒaŋ/ | hujae /hudʒɛ/ | — | ujan /uˈdʒan/ |
| Snow | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ | — | — | seleju /səledʒu/ |
| Wind | angén /aŋen/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | — | angin /aŋin/ |
| Earth | tanoh /tanɔh/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tana /tana/ | tanoh /tanɔh/ | — | tanah /tanah/ |
| Stone | batèe /baˈtɛə/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ |
| Mountain | gunong /ɡunɔŋ/ | gunuang /ɡunuaŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | — | — | bukit /bukit/ |
| Sea | laôt /laot/ | lauik /lauiʔ/ | laot /laot/ | lao /lao/ | laok /laoʔ/ | — | tasik /tasik/ |
| Mother | mak /maʔ/ | amak /amaʔ/ | mak /mak/ | mama /mama/ | emak /əmaʔ/ | ibu /ibu/ | indai /indai/ |
| Father | ayah /ajah/ | abak /abaʔ/ | bapak /bapak/ | papa /papa/ | aboh /aboh/ | bapa /bapa/ | apai /apai/ |
| Daughter | aneuk inöng /aneuʔ inɔŋ/ | anak padusi /anaʔ padusi/ | — | ana parampuang /ana parampuaŋ/ | — | — | anak indu /anak indu/ |
| I | lôn /lɔn/ | ambo /ambo/ | aku /aku/ | kita /kita/ | kawe /kawɛ/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | gata /ɡata/ | ang /aŋ/ | kau /kau/ | ngana /ŋana/ | mu /mu/ | kamu /kamu/ | nuan /nuan/ |
| We | geutanyoe / kamoe /ɡɯtaɲɔə / kamɔə/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | torang /toraŋ/ | kito /kito/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kitai / kami /kitai / kami/ |
| Name | nan /nan/ | namo /namo/ | namo /namo/ | nama /nama/ | namo /namɔ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nama /nama/ |
| Person | ureuëng /uɾɯəŋ/ | urang /uraŋ/ | wong /woŋ/ | orang /oraŋ/ | oghe /ɔɣɛ/ | — | orang /ˈoraŋ/ |
| Head | ulèë /ulɛə/ | kapalo /kapalo/ | palak /palak/ | kapala /kapala/ | — | — | pala /pala/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | geulinyueng /ɡɯliɲuəŋ/ | talingo /taliŋo/ | telingo /teliŋo/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | telingo /təliŋɔ/ | — | pending /pəndiŋ/ |
| Nose | idong /idɔŋ/ | iduang /iduaŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | idong /idoŋ/ | hidong /hidɔŋ/ | — | idung /iduŋ/ |
| Mouth | babah /babah/ | muluik /muluiʔ/ | mulut /mulut/ | mulu /mulu/ | mulok /muloʔ/ | — | mulut /ˈmulut/ |
| Tooth | gigoe /ɡiɡoə/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ngeliʼ /ŋeliʔ/ |
| Tongue | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lida /lida/ | lidoh /lidɔh/ | lidah /lidah/ | dilah /dilah/ |
| Hand | jaroe /dʒaɾoe/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangang /taŋaŋ/ | tagae /taŋajɛ/ | tangan /taŋan/ | jari /dʒari/ |
| Foot | gaki /ɡaki/ | kaki /kaki/ | — | kaki /kaki/ | — | — | kaki /kaki/ |
| Heart | até /ate/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ |
| Bone | tuleuëng /tulɯəŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulɛ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | darah /darɔh/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | dara /dara/ | daroh /daʁɔh/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ |
| Poop | ék /eʔ/ | cirik /tʃiɾiʔ/ | taik /taik/ | tai /tai/ | — | — | tai /tai/ |
| Love | gaséh /ɡaseh/ | cinto /tʃinto/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | cinto /tʃinto/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | rinduai /rinduai/ |
| Tree | bak /baʔ/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | pohong /pohoŋ/ | pokok /pokoʔ/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Dog | asèe /asɛː/ | anjiang /aɲdʒiaŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjeng /andʒeŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | ukui /ukui/ |
| Cat | miong /mioŋ/ | kuciang /kutʃiaŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | ikung /ikuŋ/ | kuche /kutʃeʔ/ | — /—/ | mayau /majau/ |
| Fish | eungkot /ɯŋkɔt/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikang /ˈikaŋ/ | ikan /ˈikɛ/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ |
| Bird | cicém /tʃitʃem/ | buruang /buruaŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | bughong /buɣoŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Butterfly | bangbang /baŋbaŋ/ | ramo-ramo /ramo ramo/ | — | — | — | — | kelelaway /kələlaway/ |
| Egg | boh /bɔh/ | talua /talua/ | telok /telok/ | tolor /tolor/ | telo /təlɔ/ | — | telu /təlu/ |
| Bear | cagèë /tʃaɡɛə/ | baribeh /baribeh/ | — | — | — | — | jugam /dʒuɡam/ |
| Horse | guda /ɡuda/ | kudo /kudo/ | — | kuda /kuda/ | — | — | kuda /kuda/ |
| House | rumoh /ɾumɔh/ | rumah /ɾumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | ruma /ruma/ | rumoh /rumoh/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Milk | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | ai tusu /ai tusu/ |
| Honey | meulisan /mɯlisan/ | madu /madu/ | — | madu /madu/ | — | — | ai manyi /ai maɲi/ |
| Salt | sira /sira/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | — | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ |
| Wine | ie anggô /ie aŋɡo/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — | anggur /ˈaŋɡur/ | — | — | wain /wain/ |
| Rice | breuëh /brɯəh/ | bareh /bareh/ | beras /bəras/ | baras /baˈras/ | beghah /bəɣah/ | — | beras /bəras/ |
| Iron | beusoe /bɯˈsɔə/ | basi /ˈbasi/ | besi /bəsi/ | besi /besi/ | — | — | besi /ˈbəsi/ |
| Wheel | ruda /ɾuda/ | roda /roda/ | — | roda /roda/ | — | — | peruda /pəˈruda/ |
| Silk | sutra /sutɾa/ | suto /suto/ | — | sutra /sutra/ | — | — | sutera /sutəra/ |
| Book | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | — | — | bup /bup/ |
| Eat | pajôh /padʒoh/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makang /makaŋ/ | makae /makajɛ/ | makan /makan/ | makai /makai/ |
| Drink | jep /dʒep/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minong /minoŋ/ | minon /minon/ | minum /minum/ | ngirup /ŋirup/ |
| Sleep | teungeut /tɯŋɯt/ | lalok /laloʔ/ | tido /tido/ | tidor /tidor/ | tido /tido/ | tidur /tidur/ | tinduk /tinduʔ/ |
| One | sa /sa/ | ciek /tʃieʔ/ | siko /siko/ | satu /satu/ | satu /satu/ | sa /sa/ | satu /satu/ |
| Two | dua /duwa/ | duo /duo/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duɔ/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | lhee /ɬ̥ɛː/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tlu /tlu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ |
| Four | peuet /pɯət/ | ampek /ampeʔ/ | empat /əmpat/ | ampa /ampa/ | empak /əmpaʔ/ | mpat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ |
| Five | limöng /liˈmɤŋ/ | limo /limo/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limɔ/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | reutôh /ɾɯtoh/ | saratuih /saratuih/ | seratus /səratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | — | ratus /ratus/ | seratus /səratus/ |
| Hello | assalamualaikum /assalamualaikum/ | salam /salam/ | halo /halo/ | cerang /tʃeraŋ/ | nyaman ka /ɲaman ka/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ |
| Thank you | trimong gaséh /tɾimoŋ ɡaseh/ | tarimo kasiah /taɾimo kasiah/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ | tarima kase /tarima kase/ | terimo kasih /tərimo kaseh/ | — /—/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ |
| Good | gèt /ɡɛt/ | rancak /ɾantʃaʔ/ | bagus /baɡus/ | bae /bae/ | baghuh /baɣuh/ | baik /baik/ | manah /manah/ |
| New | barô /baro/ | baru /baru/ | anyar /aɲar/ | baru /baru/ | baghu /baɣu/ | — | baru /baru/ |
| Red | mirah /miɾah/ | sirah /siɾah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | mera /ˈmera/ | merah /ˈmeɾah/ | merah /merah/ | mirah /miɾah/ |
| White | putéh /putɛh/ | putiah /putiah/ | putih /putih/ | puti /puti/ | puteh /puteh/ | putih /putih/ | burak /burak/ |
| Black | itam /itam/ | itam /itam/ | item /itəm/ | itam /itam/ | — | hitam /hitam/ | chelum /tʃəlum/ |
| Green | ijo /iɟo/ | ijau /idʒau/ | ijo /idʒo/ | ijo /idʒo/ | — | — | ijau /idʒau/ |
| Blue | ijo /iɟo/ | biru /biɾu/ | — | biru /biru/ | — | — | biru /biɾu/ |
| Computer | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputer/ | — | — | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Sushi | sushi /suˈsi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | — | pekasam /pəkasam/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | te /te/ | teh /teh/ | — | — | — | — | te /te/ |
| Coffee | kupi /kupi/ | kopi /kopi/ | — | — | — | — | kupi /kupi/ |
| Sugar | saka /saka/ | gulo /ɡulo/ | — | — | — | — | gula /ɡula/ |
| Orange | boh giri /bɔh ɡiɾi/ | limau /limau/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | sikureueng ploh sikureueng /sikuɾɯəŋ plɔh sikuɾɯəŋ/ | sambilan puluah sambilan /sambilan puluah sambilan/ | — | sembilan pulu sembilan /sembilan pulu sembilan/ | — | — | semilan puluh semilan /səmilan puluh səmilan/ |
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