Poqomchi'
Mayan
Pocomchi' (also Poqomchi') is a Mayan language of the Quichean-Mamean branch, spoken by ~50,000 Pocomchi people in the Verapaces (Alta Verapaz and Baja Verapaz departments) of central Guatemala. Linguistically, Pocomchi shares Mayan typological features (ergative-absolutive alignment, complex polypersonal verb morphology, glottalized consonants, uvular consonants) with its sister languages including Pocomam, Achi (acr), and the larger K'iche' (quc). The Pocomchi community has maintained the language despite Spanish-language dominance, with Brown's 1979 Pocomchi grammar and modern revitalization through the Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Poqomchi'
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mayan
| Meaning | Poqomchi' | Uspanteko | Kʼicheʼ | Kaqchikel | Qʼeqchiʼ | Proto-Mayan | Ixil |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | *haʔ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ |
| Fire | qʼaaq /qʼaːq/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | xam /ʃam/ | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ |
| Sun | qʼiij /qʼiːx/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | saqʼe /saqʼe/ | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ | qʼii /qʼiː/ |
| Moon | poh /poh/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | po /po/ | *uːh /uːh/ | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ |
| Star | chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chahim /tʃahim/ | *eʼq /eʼq/ | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ |
| Night | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | qʼojyin /qʼoχjin/ | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ |
| Rain | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | habʼ /haɓ/ | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ | jabʼal /haɓal/ |
| Snow | miik /miːk/ | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | saq tew /saq tew/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | xchuʼi keh /ʃtʃuʔi keh/ | — | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ |
| Wind | teew /teːw/ | tew /tew/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | *ʔiʔqʼ /ʔiʔqʼ/ | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ |
| Earth | akʼal /akʼal/ | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /ulew/ | ulew /uleːw/ | chʼochʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ |
| Stone | abʼaj /aˈɓax/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | pek /pek/ | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ |
| Mountain | yuuqʼ /juːqʼ/ | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | tzuul /tsuːl/ | *witz /wits/ | vitz /vits/ |
| Sea | palaw /palaw/ | mar /mar/ | plo /plo/ | palow /palow/ | palaw /palaw/ | — | mar /mar/ |
| Mother | tuut /tuːt/ | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | *naʔ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Father | ajaaw /axaːw/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | yuwaʼ /juwaʔ/ | *taat /taat/ | baʼ /baʔ/ |
| Daughter | ixqʼuun /iʃqʼuːn/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | — | meʼal /meʔal/ |
| I | hin /hin/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | rïn /rɪn/ | laaʼin /laːʔin/ | *in /in/ | in /in/ |
| You | hat /hat/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | rat /rat/ | laaʼat /laːʔat/ | *ʔat /ʔat/ | axh /aʃ/ |
| We | hoj /hox/ | oj /ox/ | uj /ux/ | röj /rʊx/ | laaʼo /laːʔo/ | — /—/ | oʼ /oʔ/ |
| Name | bʼih /ɓih/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | kʼabʼaʼej /kʼaɓaʔeχ/ | *bʼih /bʼih/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ |
| Person | kʼachareel /kʼatʃareːl/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | winaq /winaq/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | poyanam /pojanam/ | *winaq /winaq/ | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ |
| Head | nahis /nahis/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /χolom/ | — | viʼ /viʔ/ |
| Eye | naqʼ /naqʼ/ | wach /watʃ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | xnaqʼ ru /ʃnaqʼ ru/ | *Haty /hatʲ/ | vusal /vusal/ |
| Ear | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xik /ʃik/ | *xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Nose | juʼ /xuʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ | *nhiiʔ /ŋiːʔ/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ |
| Mouth | chiʼhis /tʃiʔhis/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | e /e/ | *tyiiʔ /tʲiːʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ |
| Tooth | ehis /ehis/ | e /e/ | ware /waɾe/ | ey /ej/ | ruuch e /ruːtʃ e/ | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ | eh /eh/ |
| Tongue | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Hand | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | ruqʼ /ruqʼ/ | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ |
| Foot | ooq /oːq/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqän /aqən/ | oq /oq/ | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ | oj /oχ/ |
| Heart | kʼuxliis /kʼuʃliːs/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | chʼoolej /tʃʼoːlej/ | — /—/ | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ |
| Bone | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Blood | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Poop | saaʼ /saːʔ/ | — | achaq /atʃaq/ | — | kʼot /kʼot/ | *ta7 /taʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ |
| Love | rahaal /rahaːl/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | rahok /rahok/ | — /—/ | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Tree | cheeʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | *teʔ /teʔ/ | tze /tse/ |
| Dog | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ |
| Cat | mees /meːs/ | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mes /mes/ | mes /mes/ | — /—/ | mees /meːs/ |
| Fish | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kaɾ/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | *kar /kar/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Bird | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | *tzʼikin /tzʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Butterfly | pehpem /pehpem/ | — | pepe /pepe/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ | peepem /peːpem/ | *pehpen /pehpen/ | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ |
| Egg | miloj /milox/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | mol /mol/ | — | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ |
| Bear | oso /ˈoso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oos /oːs/ | — | oso /oso/ |
| Horse | kaway /kawaj/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | kej /kex/ | kej /kex/ | kawaay /kawaːj/ | — | kaay /kaːj/ |
| House | paat /paːt/ | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | jay /xaj/ | ochoch /otʃotʃ/ | *nah /nah/ | kabʼal /kaɓal/ |
| Milk | chʼuuchʼ /tʃʼuːtʃʼ/ | lech /letʃ/ | leche /letʃe/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | leech /leːtʃ/ | — | chʼuʼ /tʃʼuʔ/ |
| Honey | kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | xyaʼal kabʼ /ʃjaʔal kaɓ/ | *kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Salt | atzʼaam /atsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Wine | vino /ˈbino/ | vin /bin/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | bʼiin /ɓiːn/ | — | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Rice | aroos /aroːs/ | — | arroz /aros/ | arroz /aˈros/ | aros /aros/ | — | arus /arus/ |
| Chocolate | chikolaat /tʃikolaːt/ | — | chocolate | — | — | — | — |
| Iron | chʼihchʼ /tʃʼihtʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | — | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ |
| Wheel | kotokaq /kotokaq/ | — | — | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | — | — |
| Book | huuj /huːx/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | wuj /wux/ | wuj /wux/ | hu /hu/ | — | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ |
| Eat | wai /wai/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | tijow /tixow/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | waʼak /waʔak/ | *waʔ /waʔ/ | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ |
| Drink | uukʼ /uːkʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | kumun /kumun/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ | ucha /utʃa/ |
| Sleep | wirik /wirik/ | war /war/ | war /waɾ/ | war /war/ | war /war/ | *war /war/ | wat /wat/ |
| One | jinaj /xinax/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /χun/ | *jun /jun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | kiʼibʼ /kiʔiɓ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | wiibʼ /wiːɓ/ | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ |
| Three | ixibʼ /iʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ |
| Four | kijibʼ /kixiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kaahibʼ /kaːhiɓ/ | *kaŋibʼ /kaŋiɓ/ | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ |
| Five | hoʼoobʼ /hoʔoːɓ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | oobʼ /oːɓ/ | *hoʔ /hoʔ/ | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ |
| Hundred | hoʼkʼahl /hoʔkʼahl/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | oʼkʼaal /oʔkʼaːl/ | — | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ |
| Hello | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | ma saʼ laachʼool /ma saʔ laːtʃʼoːl/ | — /—/ | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Thank you | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | bantyox /bantjoʃ/ | — /—/ | tantixh /tantiʃ/ |
| Good | holohik /holohik/ | tzi /tsi/ | utz /uts/ | ütz /ʊts/ | us /us/ | *utz /utz/ | utzʼ /utsʼ/ |
| New | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | *ʔa(a)kʼ /ʔakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Red | kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kaq /kaq/ | käq /kəq/ | kaq /kaq/ | *kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| White | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | *saq /saq/ | saj /saχ/ |
| Black | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | *ʔejqʼ /ʔejqʼ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Green | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | *raʔx /raʔʃ/ | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ |
| Blue | rax /raʃ/ | xaar /ʃaːr/ | xar /ʃaɾ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | — | — |
| Coffee | kapeh /kapeh/ | — | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ | — | — |
| Sugar | asuukar /asuːkar/ | — | asukal /asukal/ | kʼajkabʼ /kʼaxkaɓ/ | asuukr /asuːkɾ/ | — | asukaal /asukaːl/ |
| Orange | araan /araːn/ | — | alanxax /alanʃaʃ/ | alanx /alanʃ/ | chiin /tʃiːn/ | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | belejlaj roʼkʼahl /belexlax roʔkʼahl/ | junmuchʼ bʼelejlajuj /hunmutʃʼ ɓelexlaxux/ | junmuchʼ bʼelej lajuj /xunmutʃʼ ɓelex laxux/ | — | — | — | bʼelelaval toʼkʼal /ɓelelaʋal toʔkʼal/ |
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