Mongghul
Mongolic (Shirongol, Monguoric)
Mongghul (also Tu) is a Mongolic language of northeast Tibet (Amdo Tibetan cultural zone) spoken by the Tu (土族) nationality of Qinghai and Gansu provinces, China. Despite being officially classified as one ethnic group ("Tu") by China, Mongghul and Mangghuer are sufficiently distinct that linguists treat them as separate languages of the Shirongol Mongolic branch. Heavy influence from neighboring Amdo Tibetan and Northwest Chinese.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Mongghul
Sources
- Glottolog: Mongghul
- Ethnologue: mjg
- 照那斯图 Junast (1981) 土族语简志, Beijing: 民族出版社 — via ABVD/Lexibank (ABVD language 940 "Tuzu 土族语")
- Limusishiden & Stuart (eds.) (2007) Qidar Mongghul Ugonu Marlong (Chinese–Mongghul dictionary)
- Wiktionary: Mongghul entries
- Georg (2003) Mongghul (in Janhunen ed., The Mongolic Languages)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mongolic (Shirongol, Monguoric)
| Meaning | Mongghul | Monguor | Middle Mongol | Proto-Mongolic | Classical Mongolian | Eastern Yugur | Bonan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | szu /ʂdzu/ | szu /stsu/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | qusun /qusun/ | sə /sə/ |
| Fire | ghal /ɢal/ | ghal /ʁal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ | χal /χal/ |
| Sun | nara /nara/ | nara /ˈnɑrɑ/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | naran /naran/ | naraŋ /naraŋ/ |
| Moon | sara /sara/ | sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | sara /sara/ | sarə /sarə/ |
| Star | foodi /foodə/ | — /—/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | hodən /hodən/ | hotuŋ /hotuŋ/ |
| Night | soni /sonə/ | suani /swani/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | *söni /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | søønə /søːnə/ | sonə /sonə/ |
| Rain | huraa /xuraa/ | huraa /xuraː/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | *kura /kura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | xura /χura/ | ɢura /ɢura/ |
| Snow | qasi /ʨasə/ | qasi /tɕasɿ/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | ʥasɵŋ /dʑasɵŋ/ |
| Wind | kii /kii/ | kii /kiː/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | salɢən /salɢən/ | ki /ki/ |
| Stone | tash /taʂ/ | taashi /taːʂi/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | — |
| Mountain | ula /ula/ | ghada /ʁada/ | — | *huɣula /huɣula/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | uula /uːla/ | uːla /uːla/ |
| Sea | dalii /dalii/ | dalii /daliː/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | *dalai /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | dalii /daliː/ | χai /χai/ |
| Mother | aama /aama/ | aama /aːma/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | hge /hɡe/ | amə /amə/ |
| Father | aaba /aaba/ | aaba /aːba/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | abo /abo/ |
| I | bu /bu/ | bu /pu/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bə /bə/ | bǔ /bǔ/ |
| You | qi /ʨə/ | qi /tɕʰi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | *či /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | tʃə /tʃə/ | ʨǐ /tɕǐ/ |
| We | budangula /budaŋɡula/ | buda /puda/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | bədə /bədə/ |
| Name | nire /nəre/ | nira /nira/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | nere /nere/ | narə /narə/ |
| Person | kun /kun/ | kun /kun/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | kuun /kuːn/ | kuŋ /kuŋ/ |
| Eye | nudu /nudu/ | nudi /nudi/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | nudun /nudun/ | nəduŋ /nəduŋ/ |
| Ear | qigi /ʨiɡə/ | qigi /tɕʰiɡi/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | ʨiχaŋ /tɕiχaŋ/ |
| Nose | hawar /xavar/ | hawari /xawari/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | xawar /χawar/ | χor /χor/ |
| Mouth | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | aman /aman/ | aman /aman/ |
| Tooth | shdi /ʂdə/ | shdi /ʂdi/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | duŋ /duŋ/ |
| Tongue | kile /kəle/ | kilee /kileː/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | kalaŋ /kalaŋ/ |
| Hand | ghar /ɢar/ | ghari /ʁari/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ | χar /χar/ |
| Foot | kol /kol/ | kol /kol/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | køl /køl/ | kual /kual/ |
| Heart | jirge /ʥirɡe/ | jirihga /tɕirixɡa/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | ʥirgə /dʑirɡə/ |
| Bone | yasi /jasə/ | yaasi /jaːsɿ/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | *yasun /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | yasən /jasən/ | iasuŋ /iasuŋ/ |
| Blood | qisi /ʨisə/ | qizi /tɕʰizɿ/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | ʨisuŋ /tɕisuŋ/ |
| Love | duraala /duraala/ | durala /durala/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | — /—/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | xjoosi /ɕʥoosə/ | xjuzi /ɕtɕuzɿ/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | mutoŋ /mutoŋ/ |
| Dog | nuhui /nuxui/ | nuhui /nuxui/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | noxqui /noχqui/ | noɢoi /noɢoi/ |
| Cat | mauxi /mauɕi/ | muuxi /muːɕi/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | jaghasi /ʥaɢasə/ | jighasi /tɕiʁasɿ/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | ʥilɣasuŋ /dʑilɣasuŋ/ |
| Egg | ndige /ndəɡe/ | dige /diɡe/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | bala /bala/ | əndəgi /əndəɡi/ |
| Horse | mori /mori/ | mori /mori/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | *morïn /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | — | — |
| House | ger /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | gər /ɡər/ |
| Salt | dabsi /dabsə/ | darishizi /dariʂizɿ/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ | dabsuŋ /dabsuŋ/ |
| Iron | tumur /tumur/ | timuri /timuri/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | *temür /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | — | — |
| Eat | ide /ide/ | rde /rde/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | *ide- /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | ede /ede/ | nda- /nda/ |
| Drink | uqu /uʨu/ | wuqi /wutɕʰi/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | *uu- /uu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | uu /uː/ | u- /u/ |
| Sleep | ntiraa /ntəraa/ | qaa /tɕʰaː/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | *unta- /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | nda /nda/ | təra- /təra/ |
| One | nige /nəɡe/ | nige /ˈniɡe/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | niɣe /niɣe/ | nəgə /nəɡə/ |
| Two | ghoor /ɢoor/ | ghoori /ʁoːri/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | *koyar /kojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | ɢuar /ɢuar/ |
| Three | ghuraan /ɢuraan/ | ghuran /ɣuran/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | ɢuraŋ /ɢuraŋ/ |
| Four | deeren /deeren/ | deeran /deːran/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | *dörben /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | dørwen /dørwen/ | deraŋ /deraŋ/ |
| Five | taawun /taavun/ | tawun /tawuŋ/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | *tabun /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | taawən /taːwən/ | tawuŋ /tawuŋ/ |
| Hundred | jong /ʥoŋ/ | nige jang /niɡe tɕaŋ/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | ʥyŋ /dʑyŋ/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | qi sainiisa /tɕʰi sainiːsa/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | — /—/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | hgerli /xɡerlə/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | sain /sain/ | saina /saina/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | sain /sajn/ | saŋ /saŋ/ |
| New | xini /ɕinə/ | xni /ɕni/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | *sine /sine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | ɕinə /ɕinə/ |
| Red | fulaan /fulaan/ | fulaan /fuˈlɑːn/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | fulaŋ /fulaŋ/ |
| White | qighaan /ʨaɢaan/ | qighaan /tɕiʁaːn/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | ʨiɢaŋ /tɕiɢaŋ/ |
| Black | hara /xara/ | hara /xara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | *kara /kara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | xara /χara/ | χəra /χəra/ |
| Green | noghoon /noɢoon/ | nughuun /nuʁuːn/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | noɢoŋ /noɢoŋ/ |
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