ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
Middle Mongol
Mongolic · historical / hidden variety
Middle Mongol was the language of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors (13th–15th c.) — the language of the Yuan dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Golden Horde. Attested in the Secret History of the Mongols (the foundational text of Mongolian literature, c. 1240), Phags-pa script inscriptions (the Yuan-era square script designed by Tibetan lama Phags-pa Lama, 1269), the Mukaddimat al-Adab Arabic-Mongolian glossary, and various translations of Buddhist and Christian texts. It is the ancestor of all modern Mongolic languages (Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk, Mongolian dialects in China).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Middle Mongol
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mongolic
| Meaning | Middle Mongol | Classical Mongolian | Proto-Mongolic | Eastern Yugur | Buryat | Kalmyk | Mongghul |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | *usun /usun/ | qusun /qusun/ | уһан /uhan/ | усн /usn/ | szu /ʂdzu/ |
| Fire | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ | гал /ɡal/ | һал /ɣal/ | ghal /ɢal/ |
| Sun | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | naran /naran/ | наран /naran/ | нарн /narn/ | nara /nara/ |
| Moon | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | sara /sara/ | һара /hara/ | сар /sar/ | sara /sara/ |
| Star | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | *hodun /hodun/ | hodən /hodən/ | одон /odoŋ/ | одн /odn/ | foodi /foodə/ |
| Night | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | *söni /søni/ | søønə /søːnə/ | һүни /hyni/ | сө /sø/ | soni /sonə/ |
| Rain | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | *kura /kura/ | xura /χura/ | бороо /bɔrɔː/ | хур /xur/ | huraa /xuraa/ |
| Snow | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | саһан /sahaŋ/ | цасн /tsasn/ | qasi /ʨasə/ |
| Wind | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | salɢən /salɢən/ | һалхин /halxin/ | салькн /salʲˈkn̩/ | kii /kii/ |
| Earth | ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠷ /qadʒar/ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɡadʒar/ | *gaǰar /ɡadʒar/ | ʃəruu /ʃəruː/ | шорой /ʃoroj/ | һазр /ɣazr/ | — |
| Stone | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | шулуун /ʃuluːŋ/ | чолун /tʃolun/ | tash /taʂ/ |
| Sea | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | *dalai /dalai/ | dalii /daliː/ | далай /dalaj/ | теңгс /teŋɡs/ | dalii /dalii/ |
| Mother | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | *eke /eke/ | hge /hɡe/ | эхэ /exe/ | ээҗ /eːdʒ/ | aama /aama/ |
| Father | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | эсэгэ /eseɡe/ | эцк /etsəˈkə/ | aaba /aaba/ |
| Daughter | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | *ökin /økin/ | — | басаган /basaɡan/ | күүкн /kyːkn/ | — |
| I | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | bə /bə/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ | bu /bu/ |
| You | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | *či /tʃi/ | tʃə /tʃə/ | ши /ʃi/ | чи /tʃi/ | qi /ʨə/ |
| We | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | бидэ /bide/ | бидн /bidn̩/ | budangula /budaŋɡula/ |
| Name | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | nere /nere/ | нэрэ /nere/ | нерн /nern/ | nire /nəre/ |
| Person | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | kuun /kuːn/ | хүн /xyŋ/ | күн /kyn/ | kun /kun/ |
| Eye | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | nudun /nudun/ | нюдэн /nʲuden/ | нүдн /nyˈdn̩/ | nudu /nudu/ |
| Ear | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | шэхэн /ʃexen/ | чикн /tʃikn/ | qigi /ʨiɡə/ |
| Nose | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | xawar /χawar/ | хамар /xamar/ | хамр /xamr/ | hawar /xavar/ |
| Mouth | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | aman /aman/ | аман /aman/ | амн /amn̩/ | ama /ama/ |
| Tooth | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | шүдэн /ʃyden/ | шүдн /ʃydn̩/ | shdi /ʂdə/ |
| Tongue | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | хэлэн /xelen/ | келн /keln̩/ | kile /kəle/ |
| Hand | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ | гар /ɡar/ | һар /ɣar/ | ghar /ɢar/ |
| Foot | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | køl /køl/ | хүл /xyl/ | көл /køl/ | kol /kol/ |
| Heart | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | зүрхэн /zyrxen/ | зүркн /zyrˈkən/ | jirge /ʥirɡe/ |
| Bone | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | *yasun /jasun/ | yasən /jasən/ | яһан /jahaŋ/ | ясн /jasn̩/ | yasi /jasə/ |
| Blood | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | шуһан /ʃuhaŋ/ | цусн /tsusn̩/ | qisi /ʨisə/ |
| Love | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | дуран /duran/ | дурлх /durlx/ | duraala /duraala/ |
| Tree | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | *modun /modun/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | модон /modon/ | модн /moˈdn̩/ | xjoosi /ɕʥoosə/ |
| Dog | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | *nokai /nokai/ | noxqui /noχqui/ | нохой /noxoj/ | ноха /noxa/ | nuhui /nuxui/ |
| Cat | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | миисгэй /miːsɡej/ | мис /mis/ | mauxi /mauɕi/ |
| Fish | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | загаһан /zaɡaˈhaŋ/ | заһсн /zaɣsn̩/ | jaghasi /ʥaɢasə/ |
| Bird | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤᠨ /ʃibaun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃibaɣu/ | *sibaɣun /sibaɣun/ | ʃuun /ʃuːn/ | шубуун /ʃubuːn/ | шовун /ʃowun/ | — |
| Egg | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | bala /bala/ | үндэгэн /yndeɡen/ | өндгн /øndɡn̩/ | ndige /ndəɡe/ |
| Horse | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | *morïn /morin/ | — | морин /morin/ | мөрн /møˈrn̩/ | mori /mori/ |
| House | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ | гер /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ |
| Salt | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ | дабһан /dabhan/ | давсн /davsn/ | dabsi /dabsə/ |
| Iron | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | *temür /temyr/ | — | түмэр /tymer/ | төмр /tøˈmər/ | tumur /tumur/ |
| Eat | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | *ide- /ide/ | ede /ede/ | эдихэ /edixe/ | идх /itˈxə/ | ide /ide/ |
| Drink | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | *uu- /uu/ | uu /uː/ | ууха /uːxa/ | уух /uːx/ | uqu /uʨu/ |
| Sleep | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | *unta- /unta/ | nda /nda/ | унтаха /untaxa/ | унтх /untx/ | ntiraa /ntəraa/ |
| One | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | *nigen /nigen/ | niɣe /niɣe/ | нэгэн /neɡen/ | негн /neɡn/ | nige /nəɡe/ |
| Two | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | *koyar /kojar/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ | хойр /xojr/ | ghoor /ɢoor/ |
| Three | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | гурбан /ɡurban/ | һурвн /ɣurwn̩/ | ghuraan /ɢuraan/ |
| Four | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | *dörben /dørben/ | dørwen /dørwen/ | дүрбэн /dyrben/ | дөрвн /dørwn̩/ | deeren /deeren/ |
| Five | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | *tabun /tabun/ | taawən /taːwən/ | табан /taban/ | тавн /tawn/ | taawun /taavun/ |
| Hundred | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | зуун /zuːn/ | зун /zun/ | jong /ʥoŋ/ |
| Hello | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | сайн байна /sajn bajna/ | менд /mend/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | баярлаа /bajarlaː/ | ханҗанав /xandʒanav/ | hgerli /xɡerlə/ |
| Good | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | *sajin /sajin/ | sain /sajn/ | һайн /hajn/ | сән /sæn/ | sain /sain/ |
| New | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | *sine /sine/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | шэнэ /ʃene/ | шин /ʃin/ | xini /ɕinə/ |
| Red | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | улаан /ʊˈlaːŋ/ | улан /ulan/ | fulaan /fulaan/ |
| White | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | сагаан /saɡaːŋ/ | цаһан /tsaɣan/ | qighaan /ʨaɢaan/ |
| Black | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | *kara /kara/ | xara /χara/ | хара /xara/ | хар /xar/ | hara /xara/ |
| Green | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | ногоон /noˈɡoːŋ/ | ноһан /noˈɣan/ | noghoon /noɢoon/ |
| Cuckoo | ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ /kɵkɵˈɡe/ | ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ /kɵkɵˈɡe/ | — | — | хүбхүү /xypxyː/ | көкә /køˈkæ/ | — |
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