Mongghul
Monguor
Mongolic
Mongghul (Huzhu Monguor, ISO 639-3 mjg) is a Mongolic language spoken by roughly 50,000 people, mainly in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County in Qinghai and in smaller communities in neighboring Gansu, China. It is associated with the officially recognized Tu ethnic group, but should be distinguished from Mangghuer of Minhe, which many linguists treat as a separate, mutually unintelligible language. Mongghul is agglutinative and generally SOV, and prolonged contact with Amdo Tibetan and Northwestern Mandarin has strongly reshaped its vocabulary and grammar. An unofficial Latin alphabet based on Chinese Pinyin was developed in the 1980s, but Chinese remains dominant in education and literacy. Speaker numbers and transmission are declining, and the language is endangered.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Monguor
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mongolic
| Meaning | Monguor | Mongghul | Eastern Yugur | Middle Mongol | Proto-Mongolic | Classical Mongolian | Dongxiang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | szu /stsu/ | szu /ʂdzu/ | qusun /qusun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | usu /usu/ |
| Fire | ghal /ʁal/ | ghal /ɢal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | qan /qɑn/ |
| Sun | nara /ˈnɑrɑ/ | nara /nara/ | naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | naran /nɑrən/ |
| Moon | sara /sara/ | sara /sara/ | sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | sara /sɑrə/ |
| Star | — /—/ | foodi /foodə/ | hodən /hodən/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | hodun /hodun/ |
| Night | suani /swani/ | soni /sonə/ | søønə /søːnə/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | *söni /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | shieni /ɕiəni/ |
| Rain | huraa /xuraː/ | huraa /xuraa/ | xura /χura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | *kura /kura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | ghura /ɢura/ |
| Snow | qasi /tɕasɿ/ | qasi /ʨasə/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | chasun /tʂasun/ |
| Wind | kii /kiː/ | kii /kii/ | salɢən /salɢən/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | kei /kəi/ |
| Earth | ghajari /ʁadʑari/ | — | ʃəruu /ʃəruː/ | ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠷ /qadʒar/ | *gaǰar /ɡadʒar/ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɡadʒar/ | ghazha /ɢadʐa/ |
| Stone | taashi /taːʂi/ | tash /taʂ/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | tashi /taʂi/ |
| Mountain | ghada /ʁada/ | ula /ula/ | uula /uːla/ | — | *huɣula /huɣula/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | ula /ula/ |
| Sea | dalii /daliː/ | dalii /dalii/ | dalii /daliː/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | *dalai /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | hai /xai/ |
| Mother | aama /aːma/ | aama /aama/ | hge /hɡe/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ana /ɑnə/ |
| Father | aaba /aːba/ | aaba /aaba/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ada /ada/ |
| Daughter | xjun /ɕtɕun/ | — | — | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | *ökin /økin/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | oqin /otɕin/ |
| I | bu /pu/ | bu /bu/ | bə /bə/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bi /pi/ |
| You | qi /tɕʰi/ | qi /ʨə/ | tʃə /tʃə/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | *či /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | chi /tɕi/ |
| We | buda /puda/ | budangula /budaŋɡula/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | matan / bijien /matan / pitɕiən/ |
| Name | nira /nira/ | nire /nəre/ | nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | niere /niərə/ |
| Person | kun /kun/ | kun /kun/ | kuun /kuːn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | kun /kun/ |
| Head | tulighui /tuliʁui/ | — | toloʁui /toloʁui/ | — | *tolagaï /tolaɡai/ | ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ /toloɣai/ | qierun /tɕʰjəˈrun/ |
| Eye | nudi /nudi/ | nudu /nudu/ | nudun /nudun/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | udun /udun/ |
| Ear | qigi /tɕʰiɡi/ | qigi /ʨiɡə/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | chighin /tʃiʁin/ |
| Nose | hawari /xawari/ | hawar /xavar/ | xawar /χawar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | khawa /kʰawa/ |
| Mouth | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | aman /aman/ |
| Tooth | shdi /ʂdi/ | shdi /ʂdə/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | shidun /ʂidun/ |
| Tongue | kilee /kileː/ | kile /kəle/ | kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | kielien /kʰjəˈljən/ |
| Hand | ghari /ʁari/ | ghar /ɢar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | qa /qɑ/ |
| Foot | kol /kol/ | kol /kol/ | køl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | kon /kon/ |
| Heart | jirihga /tɕirixɡa/ | jirge /ʥirɡe/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | yaasi /jaːsɿ/ | yasi /jasə/ | yasən /jasən/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | *yasun /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | yasun /jasun/ |
| Blood | qizi /tɕʰizɿ/ | qisi /ʨisə/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | chusun /tʂusun/ |
| Poop | basi /basɿ/ | — | — | — | — | ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ /baɣasu/ | — |
| Love | durala /durala/ | duraala /duraala/ | — /—/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | — /—/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | khotula- /xoːtulə/ |
| Tree | xjuzi /ɕtɕuzɿ/ | xjoosi /ɕʥoosə/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | mutun /mutun/ |
| Dog | nuhui /nuxui/ | nuhui /nuxui/ | noxqui /noχqui/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | noghoi /noɣəi/ |
| Cat | muuxi /muːɕi/ | mauxi /mauɕi/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | bisalai /biːsəlai/ |
| Fish | jighasi /tɕiʁasɿ/ | jaghasi /ʥaɢasə/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | zhagvasun /tʂɑʁɑˈsun/ |
| Bird | xuu /ɕuː/ | — | ʃuun /ʃuːn/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤᠨ /ʃibaun/ | *sibaɣun /sibaɣun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃibaɣu/ | bunzhu /bundʐu/ |
| Butterfly | xanbalaxji /ɕanbalaɕtɕi/ | — | — | — | *herbekei /herbekei/ | ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠬᠡᠢ /erbekei/ | — |
| Egg | dige /diɡe/ | ndige /ndəɡe/ | bala /bala/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | endegvei /əndəɣəi/ |
| Bear | haxun /xaɕun/ | — | — | — | — | — | gouxin /kəwˈɕin/ |
| Horse | mori /mori/ | mori /mori/ | — | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | *morïn /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | morei /morəi/ |
| House | ger /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | gie /ɡiə/ |
| Milk | sun /sun/ | — | — | — | *sün /syn/ | ᠰᠦᠨ /syn/ | neizi /neitsɿ/ |
| Honey | zangna bali /tsaŋna pali/ | — | — | — | *bal /bal/ | ᠪᠠᠯ /bal/ | shimei /ʂimei/ |
| Salt | darishizi /dariʂizɿ/ | dabsi /dabsə/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | dansun /dansun/ |
| Iron | timuri /timuri/ | tumur /tumur/ | — | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | *temür /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | qiemu /tɕiemu/ |
| Wheel | guli /ɡuli/ | — | — | — | — | ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ /kyrdy/ | — |
| Silk | tiriga /tiriɡa/ | — | — | — | — | ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠠ /torɣa/ | — |
| Book | pujiu /pʰudʑiu/ | — | — | — | — | ᠨᠣᠮ /nom/ | shu /ʂu/ |
| Eat | rde /rde/ | ide /ide/ | ede /ede/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | *ide- /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | ijie- /idʑiə/ |
| Drink | wuqi /wutɕʰi/ | uqu /uʨu/ | uu /uː/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | *uu- /uu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | otsu- /otʂɯ/ |
| Sleep | qaa /tɕʰaː/ | ntiraa /ntəraa/ | nda /nda/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | *unta- /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | hhuntura- /huntura/ |
| One | nige /ˈniɡe/ | nige /nəɡe/ | niɣe /niɣe/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | nie /niə/ |
| Two | ghoori /ʁoːri/ | ghoor /ɢoor/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | *koyar /kojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ghua /ʁua/ |
| Three | ghuran /ɣuran/ | ghuraan /ɢuraan/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | ghuran /ʁuran/ |
| Four | deeran /deːran/ | deeren /deeren/ | dørwen /dørwen/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | *dörben /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | jieran /dʑiəran/ |
| Five | tawun /tawuŋ/ | taawun /taavun/ | taawən /taːwən/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | *tabun /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | tawun /tawuŋ/ |
| Hundred | nige jang /niɡe tɕaŋ/ | jong /ʥoŋ/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | be /bə/ |
| Hello | qi sainiisa /tɕʰi sainiːsa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | — /—/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | hgerli /xɡerlə/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | — /—/ |
| Good | saina /saina/ | sain /sain/ | sain /sajn/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | sain /sain/ |
| New | xni /ɕni/ | xini /ɕinə/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | *sine /sine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | shini /ʂini/ |
| Red | fulaan /fuˈlɑːn/ | fulaan /fulaan/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | hulan /xulan/ |
| White | qighaan /tɕiʁaːn/ | qighaan /ʨaɢaan/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | chighan /tʂiɢan/ |
| Black | hara /xara/ | hara /xara/ | xara /χara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | *kara /kara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | khara /kʰara/ |
| Green | nughuun /nuʁuːn/ | noghoon /noɢoon/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | noghon /noɣon/ |
| Tea | qa /tɕʰa/ | — | — | — | — | ᠴᠠᠢ /tʃai/ | — |
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