ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ
Classical Mongolian
Mongolic · historical / hidden variety
Classical Mongolian is the literary register written in the vertical Mongolian script, used from the 17th to 20th century. Distinct from Middle Mongol (xng, 13-15c. Phags-pa and Uyghur-script) and modern Khalkha Mongolian (mn, in Cyrillic). The Mongolian script tradition survived in Inner Mongolia after Mongolia proper switched to Cyrillic in 1946. Lessing (1960) "Mongolian-English Dictionary" is the principal reference.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Classical Mongolian
Sources
- Lessing (1960) — Mongolian-English Dictionary
- Poppe (1965) — Introduction to Altaic Linguistics
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mongolic
| Meaning | Classical Mongolian | Middle Mongol | Proto-Mongolic | Buryat | Eastern Yugur | Inner Mongolian | Daur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | *usun /usun/ | уһан /uhan/ | qusun /qusun/ | ᠤᠰᠤ /usu/ | oso /oso/ |
| Fire | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡɑl/ | gali /ɡali/ |
| Sun | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | наран /naran/ | naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠ /nɑrɑ/ | nara /nara/ |
| Moon | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | һара /hara/ | sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sɑrɑ/ | sarūla /saruːla/ |
| Star | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | *hodun /hodun/ | одон /odoŋ/ | hodən /hodən/ | ᠣᠳᠤᠨ /ɔtŋ̍/ | odə /odə/ |
| Night | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | *söni /søni/ | һүни /hyni/ | søønə /søːnə/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /ʃønø/ | suni /suni/ |
| Rain | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | *kura /kura/ | бороо /bɔrɔː/ | xura /χura/ | ᠪᠣᠷᠣᠭᠠ /bɔrɔːɢɑ/ | huar /huar/ |
| Snow | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | саһан /sahaŋ/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tsas/ | čas /tʃas/ |
| Wind | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | һалхин /halxin/ | salɢən /salɢən/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salxi/ | kein /kein/ |
| Earth | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɡadʒar/ | ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠷ /qadʒar/ | *gaǰar /ɡadʒar/ | шорой /ʃoroj/ | ʃəruu /ʃəruː/ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɢɑdʒɑr/ | gaǯiri /ɡadʒiri/ |
| Stone | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | шулуун /ʃuluːŋ/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤ /tʃʊɮuː/ | čolō /tʃoloː/ |
| Mountain | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | — | *huɣula /huɣula/ | уула /uːla/ | uula /uːla/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /ʊːl/ | aulə /aulə/ |
| Sea | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | *dalai /dalai/ | далай /dalaj/ | dalii /daliː/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /tɑlɑi/ | dalje /dalje/ |
| Mother | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | *eke /eke/ | эхэ /exe/ | hge /hɡe/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eχe/ | ewe: /eweː/ |
| Father | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | эсэгэ /eseɡe/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | ᠠᠪᠤ /ɑβu/ | ečige /etʃiɡe/ |
| Daughter | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | *ökin /økin/ | басаган /basaɡan/ | — | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /øχin/ | — |
| I | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | би /bi/ | bə /bə/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bi /bi/ |
| You | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | *či /tʃi/ | ши /ʃi/ | tʃə /tʃə/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃʰi/ | sí /si/ |
| We | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | бидэ /bide/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠡ /bid/ | bide / ba: /bide / baː/ |
| Name | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | нэрэ /nere/ | nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nər/ | nera /nera/ |
| Person | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | хүн /xyŋ/ | kuun /kuːn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /xuŋ/ | kū /kuː/ |
| Head | ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ /toloɣai/ | — | *tolagaï /tolaɡai/ | толгой /tolɡoj/ | toloʁui /toloʁui/ | ᠲᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠢ /tɔlɡɔi/ | oki /oki/ |
| Eye | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | нюдэн /nʲuden/ | nudun /nudun/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidʉ/ | nid /nid/ |
| Ear | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | шэхэн /ʃexen/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢ /tʃʰiki/ | čikə /tʃikə/ |
| Nose | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | хамар /xamar/ | xawar /χawar/ | ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠷ /xamar/ | hamara /hamara/ |
| Mouth | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | аман /aman/ | aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /am/ | ama /ama/ |
| Tooth | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | шүдэн /ʃyden/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦ /ʃyd/ | sídə /sidə/ |
| Tongue | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | хэлэн /xelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡ /xel/ | keli /keli/ |
| Hand | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | гар /ɡar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡɑr/ | gari /ɡari/ |
| Foot | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | хүл /xyl/ | køl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | kuli /kuli/ |
| Heart | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | зүрхэн /zyrxen/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirʉχe/ | ǯurəgə /dʒurəɡə/ |
| Bone | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | *yasun /jasun/ | яһан /jahaŋ/ | yasən /jasən/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤ /jas/ | yas /jas/ |
| Blood | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | шуһан /ʃuhaŋ/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤ /tʃus/ | čos /tʃos/ |
| Poop | ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ /baɣasu/ | — | — | бааһан /baːhaŋ/ | — | ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ /paːs/ | — |
| Love | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | — /—/ | дуран /duran/ | — /—/ | ᠬᠠᠢᠷᠠ /χɑir/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | *modun /modun/ | модон /modon/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /mɔdu/ | mo:də /moːdə/ |
| Dog | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | *nokai /nokai/ | нохой /noxoj/ | noxqui /noχqui/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /nɔχɑi/ | nogə /noɡə/ |
| Cat | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | миисгэй /miːsɡej/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠤᠤᠷ /muːr/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | загаһан /zaɡaˈhaŋ/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /tsaɡas/ | ǯagusa /dʒaɡusa/ |
| Bird | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃibaɣu/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤᠨ /ʃibaun/ | *sibaɣun /sibaɣun/ | шубуун /ʃubuːn/ | ʃuun /ʃuːn/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃʊwuː/ | degi /deɡi/ |
| Butterfly | ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠬᠡᠢ /erbekei/ | — | *herbekei /herbekei/ | эрбээхэй /erbeːxej/ | — | ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠬᠡᠢ /erweːxei/ | — |
| Egg | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | үндэгэн /yndeɡen/ | bala /bala/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /øndəɡ/ | əndugu /ənduɡu/ |
| Horse | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | *morïn /morin/ | морин /morin/ | — | ᠮᠣᠷᠢ /mɔr/ | — |
| House | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | geri /ɡeri/ |
| Milk | ᠰᠦᠨ /syn/ | — | *sün /syn/ | һүн /hyn/ | — | ᠰᠦᠨ /syː/ | — |
| Honey | ᠪᠠᠯ /bal/ | — | *bal /bal/ | бал /bal/ | — | ᠪᠠᠯ /bal/ | — |
| Salt | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | дабһан /dabhan/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ /dabusu/ | hata: /hataː/ |
| Iron | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | *temür /temyr/ | түмэр /tymer/ | — | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /tɵmɵr/ | — |
| Wheel | ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ /kyrdy/ | — | — | мөөр /møːr/ | — | ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ /xʉrdʉ/ | — |
| Silk | ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠠ /torɣa/ | — | — | торгон /torɡon/ | — | ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠠ /tɔrɡɔ/ | — |
| Book | ᠨᠣᠮ /nom/ | — | — | ном /nom/ | — | ᠨᠣᠮ /nɔm/ | — |
| Eat | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | *ide- /ide/ | эдихэ /edixe/ | ede /ede/ | ᠢᠳᠡᠬᠦ /ideχʉ/ | idə- /idə/ |
| Drink | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | *uu- /uu/ | ууха /uːxa/ | uu /uː/ | ᠤᠤᠬᠤ /uːχu/ | o: /oː/ |
| Sleep | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | *unta- /unta/ | унтаха /untaxa/ | nda /nda/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠᠬᠤ /untax/ | wante- /wante/ |
| One | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | *nigen /nigen/ | нэгэн /neɡen/ | niɣe /niɣe/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ /niɡe/ | nəka /nəka/ |
| Two | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | *koyar /kojar/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /xɔˈjɔr/ | hoira /hoira/ |
| Three | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | гурбан /ɡurban/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ /ɡurwa/ | guarwe /ɡuarwe/ |
| Four | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | *dörben /dørben/ | дүрбэн /dyrben/ | dørwen /dørwen/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡ /dørwə/ | durwe /durwe/ |
| Five | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | *tabun /tabun/ | табан /taban/ | taawən /taːwən/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /taβun/ | ta:w /taːw/ |
| Hundred | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | зуун /zuːn/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤ /tsuː/ | — |
| Hello | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | — /—/ | сайн байна /sajn bajna/ | — /—/ | ᠰᠠᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠢᠨᠠ /sɑin bɑinɑ/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | — /—/ | баярлаа /bajarlaː/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bɑjɑrlɑlɑ/ | — /—/ |
| Good | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | *sajin /sajin/ | һайн /hajn/ | sain /sajn/ | ᠰᠠᠢᠨ /sɑin/ | sain /sain/ |
| New | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | *sine /sine/ | шэнэ /ʃene/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | śinken /ʃinken/ |
| Red | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | улаан /ʊˈlaːŋ/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ʊɮaːn/ | ulān /ulaːn/ |
| White | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | сагаан /saɡaːŋ/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tsʰaɡaːn/ | čigān /tʃiɡaːn/ |
| Black | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | *kara /kara/ | хара /xara/ | xara /χara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /xar/ | xar /xar/ |
| Green | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ногоон /noˈɡoːŋ/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /nɔɡɔːŋ/ | — |
| Cuckoo | ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ /kɵkɵˈɡe/ | ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ /kɵkɵˈɡe/ | — | хүбхүү /xypxyː/ | — | ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ /kɵkɵˈɡe/ | — |
| Tea | ᠴᠠᠢ /tʃai/ | — | — | сай /saj/ | — | ᠴᠠᠢ /tsʰai/ | — |
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