ئۇيغۇر
Eastern Yugur
Mongolic
Eastern Yugur (Shira Yugur) is a Mongolic language spoken by about 2,500 Yugur people, chiefly in Sunan Yugur Autonomous County in Gansu, China. Despite sharing an ethnic name and communities with Western Yugur, it belongs to a different language family: Western Yugur is Turkic, whereas Eastern Yugur is Mongolic. The language has agglutinative morphology and predominantly SOV word order, and centuries of contact have brought substantial influence from Tibetan and local Chinese varieties. Eastern Yugur lacks a broadly established everyday writing standard and is mainly documented through scholarly transcription; speakers usually use Chinese for literacy. With transmission to children declining, it is considered vulnerable or threatened.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Eastern Yugur
Sources
- Robbeets et al. 2021, "Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages", Nature 599 (lexibank/robbeetsaltaic, Shira-Yughur) — row matches byte for byte
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mongolic
| Meaning | Eastern Yugur | Proto-Mongolic | Middle Mongol | Classical Mongolian | Daur | Mongghul | Buryat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | qusun /qusun/ | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | oso /oso/ | szu /ʂdzu/ | уһан /uhan/ |
| Fire | ʁal /ʁal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | gali /ɡali/ | ghal /ɢal/ | гал /ɡal/ |
| Sun | naran /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | nara /nara/ | nara /nara/ | наран /naran/ |
| Moon | sara /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | sarūla /saruːla/ | sara /sara/ | һара /hara/ |
| Star | hodən /hodən/ | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | odə /odə/ | foodi /foodə/ | одон /odoŋ/ |
| Night | søønə /søːnə/ | *söni /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | suni /suni/ | soni /sonə/ | һүни /hyni/ |
| Rain | xura /χura/ | *kura /kura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | huar /huar/ | huraa /xuraa/ | бороо /bɔrɔː/ |
| Snow | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | čas /tʃas/ | qasi /ʨasə/ | саһан /sahaŋ/ |
| Wind | salɢən /salɢən/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | kein /kein/ | kii /kii/ | һалхин /halxin/ |
| Earth | ʃəruu /ʃəruː/ | *gaǰar /ɡadʒar/ | ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠷ /qadʒar/ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɡadʒar/ | gaǯiri /ɡadʒiri/ | — | шорой /ʃoroj/ |
| Stone | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | čolō /tʃoloː/ | tash /taʂ/ | шулуун /ʃuluːŋ/ |
| Mountain | uula /uːla/ | *huɣula /huɣula/ | — | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | aulə /aulə/ | ula /ula/ | уула /uːla/ |
| Sea | dalii /daliː/ | *dalai /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | dalje /dalje/ | dalii /dalii/ | далай /dalaj/ |
| Mother | hge /hɡe/ | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ewe: /eweː/ | aama /aama/ | эхэ /exe/ |
| Father | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ečige /etʃiɡe/ | aaba /aaba/ | эсэгэ /eseɡe/ |
| I | bə /bə/ | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bi /bi/ | bu /bu/ | би /bi/ |
| You | tʃə /tʃə/ | *či /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | sí /si/ | qi /ʨə/ | ши /ʃi/ |
| We | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | bide / ba: /bide / baː/ | budangula /budaŋɡula/ | бидэ /bide/ |
| Name | nere /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | nera /nera/ | nire /nəre/ | нэрэ /nere/ |
| Person | kuun /kuːn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | kū /kuː/ | kun /kun/ | хүн /xyŋ/ |
| Head | toloʁui /toloʁui/ | *tolagaï /tolaɡai/ | — | ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ /toloɣai/ | oki /oki/ | — | толгой /tolɡoj/ |
| Eye | nudun /nudun/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | nid /nid/ | nudu /nudu/ | нюдэн /nʲuden/ |
| Ear | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | čikə /tʃikə/ | qigi /ʨiɡə/ | шэхэн /ʃexen/ |
| Nose | xawar /χawar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | hamara /hamara/ | hawar /xavar/ | хамар /xamar/ |
| Mouth | aman /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | аман /aman/ |
| Tooth | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | sídə /sidə/ | shdi /ʂdə/ | шүдэн /ʃyden/ |
| Tongue | kelen /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | keli /keli/ | kile /kəle/ | хэлэн /xelen/ |
| Hand | ʁar /ʁar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | gari /ɡari/ | ghar /ɢar/ | гар /ɡar/ |
| Foot | køl /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | kuli /kuli/ | kol /kol/ | хүл /xyl/ |
| Heart | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | ǯurəgə /dʒurəɡə/ | jirge /ʥirɡe/ | зүрхэн /zyrxen/ |
| Bone | yasən /jasən/ | *yasun /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | yas /jas/ | yasi /jasə/ | яһан /jahaŋ/ |
| Blood | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | čos /tʃos/ | qisi /ʨisə/ | шуһан /ʃuhaŋ/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | — /—/ | duraala /duraala/ | дуран /duran/ |
| Tree | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | mo:də /moːdə/ | xjoosi /ɕʥoosə/ | модон /modon/ |
| Dog | noxqui /noχqui/ | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | nogə /noɡə/ | nuhui /nuxui/ | нохой /noxoj/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | mauxi /mauɕi/ | миисгэй /miːsɡej/ |
| Fish | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | ǯagusa /dʒaɡusa/ | jaghasi /ʥaɢasə/ | загаһан /zaɡaˈhaŋ/ |
| Bird | ʃuun /ʃuːn/ | *sibaɣun /sibaɣun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤᠨ /ʃibaun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃibaɣu/ | degi /deɡi/ | — | шубуун /ʃubuːn/ |
| Egg | bala /bala/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | əndugu /ənduɡu/ | ndige /ndəɡe/ | үндэгэн /yndeɡen/ |
| House | ger /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | geri /ɡeri/ | ger /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ |
| Salt | daabsən /daːbsən/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | hata: /hataː/ | dabsi /dabsə/ | дабһан /dabhan/ |
| Eat | ede /ede/ | *ide- /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | idə- /idə/ | ide /ide/ | эдихэ /edixe/ |
| Drink | uu /uː/ | *uu- /uu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | o: /oː/ | uqu /uʨu/ | ууха /uːxa/ |
| Sleep | nda /nda/ | *unta- /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | wante- /wante/ | ntiraa /ntəraa/ | унтаха /untaxa/ |
| One | niɣe /niɣe/ | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | nəka /nəka/ | nige /nəɡe/ | нэгэн /neɡen/ |
| Two | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | *koyar /kojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | hoira /hoira/ | ghoor /ɢoor/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ |
| Three | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | guarwe /ɡuarwe/ | ghuraan /ɢuraan/ | гурбан /ɡurban/ |
| Four | dørwen /dørwen/ | *dörben /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | durwe /durwe/ | deeren /deeren/ | дүрбэн /dyrben/ |
| Five | taawən /taːwən/ | *tabun /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | ta:w /taːw/ | taawun /taavun/ | табан /taban/ |
| Hundred | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | — | jong /ʥoŋ/ | зуун /zuːn/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | сайн байна /sajn bajna/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | — /—/ | hgerli /xɡerlə/ | баярлаа /bajarlaː/ |
| Good | sain /sajn/ | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | sain /sain/ | sain /sain/ | һайн /hajn/ |
| New | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | *sine /sine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | śinken /ʃinken/ | xini /ɕinə/ | шэнэ /ʃene/ |
| Red | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | ulān /ulaːn/ | fulaan /fulaan/ | улаан /ʊˈlaːŋ/ |
| White | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | čigān /tʃiɡaːn/ | qighaan /ʨaɢaan/ | сагаан /saɡaːŋ/ |
| Black | xara /χara/ | *kara /kara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | xar /xar/ | hara /xara/ | хара /xara/ |
| Green | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | — | noghoon /noɢoon/ | ногоон /noˈɡoːŋ/ |
Page 1/8
Open the interactive map: Word Map · HanMap · Name Map · Word Order · Tree
Part of LangMap — a linguistic visualization project. This is a static, crawlable summary; the interactive maps offer pronunciation audio, filters, and a globe view.
Made by Heuron Inc. · GitHub · cho@heuron.com · LangMap home