Basa Ngaju
Ngaju
Austronesian (West Barito)
Ngaju is the largest Dayak language of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, anchored along the Kapuas, Kahayan, and Barito rivers. It belongs to the West Barito branch of Austronesian — distantly related to Malagasy (an East Barito language) whose speakers crossed the Indian Ocean to settle Madagascar in the first millennium CE. The Kaharingan religion of the Ngaju is one of Indonesia's officially recognized indigenous faiths, contributing distinctive ritual vocabulary.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Ngaju
Sources
- Turangan, Max J. R. 2005. Dayak Ngaju word list, ABVD 360 (typed by Ben Abel) and ABVD 154 (Greenhill, Blust & Gray, Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database), which the row follows (mate, bintang, tasik, ujan, taheta, jela, kasinga, burung, batiruh); Surat Barasih Barita Bahalap (Ngaju Bible, bible.com version 2879), which gives the row's mihop, telo, lengen, hamalem, matanandau, anggor; Hardeland, August. 1859. Dajacksch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Amsterdam: F. Muller (bahuang 'Bär', wasi 'Eisen' (Banjar loan, = sanaman), madu 'Honig', sinta 'lieben', bukit 'Berg', djalatien 'neun', pusa 'Katze'); en.wiktionary Ngaju behas, wasi
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (West Barito)
| Meaning | Ngaju | Banjar | Iban | Musi | Old Malay | Minangkabau | Betawi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | danum /danum/ | banyu /baɲu/ | ai /ai/ | ayek /ajek/ | air /air/ | aia /aia/ | aèr /aɛr/ |
| Fire | apui /apui/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /ˈapi/ |
| Sun | matanandau /matanandau/ | matahari /matahari/ | mata-ari /mataari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matari /matari/ | matoari /matoaɾi/ | mataari /mataˈari/ |
| Moon | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /ˈbulan/ |
| Star | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /ˈbintaŋ/ |
| Night | hamalem /hamaləm/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ |
| Rain | ujan /udʒan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | — | ujan /ˈudʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ |
| Snow | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | seleju /səledʒu/ | — | — | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ |
| Wind | riwut /riwut/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ |
| Earth | petak /petak/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | — | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ |
| Stone | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | bukit /bukit/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | bukit /bukit/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | — | gunuang /ɡunuaŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Sea | tasik /tasik/ | laut /laut/ | tasik /tasik/ | laot /laot/ | — | lauik /lauiʔ/ | laut /laut/ |
| Mother | indu /indu/ | uma /uma/ | indai /indai/ | mak /mak/ | ibu /ibu/ | amak /amaʔ/ | enyaʼ /əˈɲaʔ/ |
| Father | bapa /bapa/ | abah /abah/ | apai /apai/ | bapak /bapak/ | bapa /bapa/ | abak /abaʔ/ | babè /baˈbɛ/ |
| Daughter | anak bawi /anak bawi/ | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | anak indu /anak indu/ | — | — | anak padusi /anaʔ padusi/ | anak perempuan /anak pərəmpuan/ |
| I | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | ambo /ambo/ | guè /ɡuˈwɛ/ |
| You | ikau /ikau/ | ikam /ikam/ | nuan /nuan/ | kau /kau/ | kamu /kamu/ | ang /aŋ/ | lu /lu/ |
| We | itah / ikei /itah / ikei/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kitai / kami /kitai / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kite /kite/ |
| Name | aran /aran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nama /nama/ | namo /namo/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | namo /namo/ | nama /ˈnama/ |
| Person | uluh /uluh/ | urang /uraŋ/ | orang /ˈoraŋ/ | wong /woŋ/ | — | urang /uraŋ/ | orang /oraŋ/ |
| Head | takuluk /takuluk/ | kapala /kapala/ | pala /pala/ | palak /palak/ | — | kapalo /kapalo/ | palè /palɛ/ |
| Eye | mate /mate/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /ˈmata/ |
| Ear | pinding /pindiŋ/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | pending /pəndiŋ/ | telingo /teliŋo/ | — | talingo /taliŋo/ | kuping /kupiŋ/ |
| Nose | urung /uruŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | — | iduang /iduaŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ |
| Mouth | nyama /ɲama/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | mulut /ˈmulut/ | mulut /mulut/ | — | muluik /muluiʔ/ | mulut /mulut/ |
| Tooth | kasinga /kasiŋa/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ngeliʼ /ŋeliʔ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | jela /dʒelaʔ/ | ilat /ilat/ | dilah /dilah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lida /lida/ |
| Hand | lengen /ləŋən/ | tangan /taŋan/ | jari /dʒari/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /ˈtaŋan/ |
| Foot | pai /pai/ | batis /batis/ | kaki /kaki/ | — | — | kaki /kaki/ | kaki /kaki/ |
| Heart | atei /atei/ | ati /ati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ | ati /ˈati/ |
| Bone | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ |
| Blood | daha /dahaʔ/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | dare /dare/ |
| Poop | tai /tai/ | tahi /tahi/ | tai /tai/ | taik /taik/ | — | cirik /tʃiɾiʔ/ | tai /tai/ |
| Love | sinta /sinta/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | rinduai /rinduai/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | cinto /tʃinto/ | cinta /ˈtʃinta/ |
| Tree | kayu /kaju/ | batang /bataŋ/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | puʼun /puˈʔun/ |
| Dog | asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | ukui /ukui/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjiang /aɲdʒiaŋ/ | anjing /ˈandʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | posa /posa/ | pusa /pusa/ | mayau /majau/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | — /—/ | kuciang /kutʃiaŋ/ | kucing /ˈkutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | lauk /ˈlauk/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ |
| Bird | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | buruang /buruaŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Butterfly | kakupu /kakupuʔ/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | kelelaway /kələlaway/ | — | — | ramo-ramo /ramo ramo/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ |
| Egg | tanteluh /tantəluh/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | telu /təlu/ | telok /telok/ | — | talua /talua/ | telor /təlor/ |
| Bear | bahuang /bahuaŋ/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | jugam /dʒuɡam/ | — | — | baribeh /baribeh/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ |
| Horse | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | — | — | kudo /kudo/ | kuda /ˈkuda/ |
| House | huma /huma/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /ɾumah/ | rume /ˈrumə/ |
| Milk | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | ai tusu /ai tusu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | ai manyi /ai maɲi/ | — | — | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ |
| Salt | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garem /ɡarəm/ |
| Wine | anggor /aŋɡor/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | wain /wain/ | — | — | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ |
| Rice | behas /behas/ | baras /baras/ | beras /bəras/ | beras /bəras/ | — | bareh /bareh/ | beras /bəras/ |
| Iron | wasi /wasi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | besi /ˈbəsi/ | besi /bəsi/ | — | basi /ˈbasi/ | besi /bəˈsi/ |
| Wheel | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | peruda /pəˈruda/ | — | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ |
| Silk | sutra /sutra/ | sutra /sutra/ | sutera /sutəra/ | — | — | suto /suto/ | sutra /sutra/ |
| Book | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | bup /bup/ | buku /buku/ | — | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Eat | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | makai /makai/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /ˈmakan/ |
| Drink | mihop /mihop/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | ngirup /ŋirup/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /ˈminum/ |
| Sleep | batiruh /batiruh/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | tinduk /tinduʔ/ | tido /tido/ | tidur /tidur/ | lalok /laloʔ/ | tidur /tidur/ |
| One | ije /ije/ | asa /asa/ | satu /satu/ | siko /siko/ | sa /sa/ | ciek /tʃieʔ/ | atu /ˈatu/ |
| Two | due /ˈdue/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ | dua /ˈduwa/ |
| Three | telo /təlo/ | talu /talu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tlu /tlu/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tige /tiɡə/ |
| Four | epat /əpat/ | ampat /ampat/ | empat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | ampek /ampeʔ/ | empat /əmpat/ |
| Five | lime /lime/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | ratus /ratus/ | saratuih /saratuih/ | seratus /səratus/ |
| Hello | salamat /salamat/ | salam /salam/ | salam /salam/ | halo /halo/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | salamalékum /salamaˈlekum/ |
| Thank you | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ | — /—/ | tarimo kasiah /taɾimo kasiah/ | makasi /maˈkasi/ |
| Good | bahalap /bahalap/ | bagus /baɡus/ | manah /manah/ | bagus /baɡus/ | baik /baik/ | rancak /ɾantʃaʔ/ | baèk /baˈɛʔ/ |
| New | taheta /taheta/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | baru /baru/ | anyar /aɲar/ | — | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ |
| Red | bahandang /bahandaŋ/ | habang /habaŋ/ | mirah /miɾah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | merah /merah/ | sirah /siɾah/ | mèra /ˈmɛra/ |
| White | baputi /baputi/ | putih /putih/ | burak /burak/ | putih /putih/ | putih /putih/ | putiah /putiah/ | puti /puti/ |
| Black | babilem /babiləm/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | chelum /tʃəlum/ | item /itəm/ | hitam /hitam/ | itam /itam/ | item /itəm/ |
| Green | bahijau /bahidʒau/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | ijau /idʒau/ | ijo /idʒo/ | — | ijau /idʒau/ | ijo /ˈidʒo/ |
| Blue | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ | biru /biɾu/ | — | — | biru /biɾu/ | biru /biru/ |
| Computer | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | — | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | pekasam /pəkasam/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | teh /teh/ | teh /teh/ | te /te/ | — | — | teh /teh/ | té /te/ |
| Coffee | kopi /kopi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kupi /kupi/ | — | — | kopi /kopi/ | kupi /kupi/ |
| Ninety-nine | jalatien puluh jalatien /dʒalatien puluh dʒalatien/ | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | semilan puluh semilan /səmilan puluh səmilan/ | — | — | sambilan puluah sambilan /sambilan puluah sambilan/ | — |
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