上古漢語

Old Chinese

Sinitic · historical / hidden variety

FamilySinitic SpeakersExtinct (~1250-200 BCE) ScriptOracle bone script / Bronze inscriptions / Seal script CountriesAncient China (Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn periods) Official inShang and Zhou dynasties Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3och

Old Chinese (上古漢語) is the earliest attested form of the Chinese language, used during the Shang and Zhou dynasties (c. 1250-200 BCE) and the source of the Chinese classics — Shijing, Shujing, Zuozhuan. Reconstructions by Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose a much richer consonant inventory with onset clusters and a sesquisyllabic structure quite unlike modern Chinese; lexical tones had not yet developed and arose later from segmental loss.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Old Chinese

Water

水

*s.turʔ

Fire

火

*[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ

Sun

日

*C.nik

Moon

月

*[ŋ]ʷat

Star

星

*s-tsʰˤeŋ

Night

夜

*[ɢ]Ak-s

Rain

雨

*C.ɢʷ(r)aʔ

Snow

雪

*[s]ot

Wind

風

*prəm

Earth

土

*tʰˤaʔ

Stone

石

*dAk

Mountain

山

*s-ŋrar

Sea

海

*m̥ˤəʔ

Mother

母

*məʔ

Father

父

*[N-p](r)aʔ

Daughter

女

*nraʔ

I

我

*ŋˤajʔ

You

汝

*naʔ

We

我

*ŋˤajʔ

Name

名

*C.meŋ

Person

人

*niŋ

Head

首

*l̥uʔ

Eye

目

*C.m(r)[u]k

Ear

耳

*C.nəʔ

Nose

鼻

*m-bi[t]-s

Mouth

口

*kʰˤ(r)oʔ

Tooth

牙

*m-ɢˤ<r>a

Tongue

舌

*mə.lat

Hand

手

*n̥uʔ

Foot

足

*[ts]ok

Heart

心

*səm

Bone

骨

*kˤut

Blood

血

*m̥ˤik

Poop

屎

*[qʰ]ijʔ

Love

愛

*[q]ˤə[p]-s

Tree

木

*C.mˤok

Dog

犬

*[k]ʷʰˤ[e][n]ʔ

Cat

貓

*C.mˤraw

Fish

魚

*[r.ŋ]a

Bird

鳥

*tˤiwʔ

Butterfly

胡蝶

*[ɡ]ˤa lˤep

Egg

卵

*k.rˤorʔ

Bear

熊

*C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm

Horse

馬

*mˤraʔ

House

室

*s.ti[t]

Milk

乳

*noʔ

Honey

蜜

*mit

Salt

鹽

*[ɢr][o]m

Rice

米

*(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ

Iron

鐵

*l̥ˤik

Wheel

輪

*[r]u[n]

Silk

絲

*[s]ə

Book

書

*s-ta

Eat

食

*mə-lək

Drink

飲

*q(r)[u]mʔ

Sleep

寐

*mi[t]-s

One

一

*ʔi[t]

Two

二

*ni[j]-s

Three

三

*s.rum

Four

四

*s.li[j]-s

Five

五

*C.ŋˤaʔ

Hundred

百

*pˤrak

Hello

—

—

Thank you

謝

*sə-lAk-s

Good

好

*qʰˤuʔ

New

新

*s.tsʰi[n]

Red

赤

*[t-qʰ](r)Ak

White

白

*bˤrak

Black

黑

*m̥ˤək

Green

綠

*pə.rok

Cuckoo

布穀

*pˤa-s [k]ˤok

Computer

籌

*dru

Sushi

鮓

*tsˤraʔ

Ninety-nine

九十有九

*[k]uʔ t.[ɡ]əp [ɢ]ʷəʔ-s [k]uʔ

九十㞢九 甲骨文 (Shang oracle bone, 釈文)

九十又九 金文 (Zhou bronze)

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sinitic

Meaning Old ChineseMiddle ChineseOld KoreanGoryeo KoreanProto-Sino-TibetanMruHan Chinese
Water 水 /*s.turʔ/ 水 /ɕwi/ 勿 /*muɾ/ 沒 /*mwol/ *ti(y) /ti(j)/ o /ɔ/ 水 /ćwǝ́j/
Fire 火 /*[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ/ 火 /hwa/ 弗 /*puɾ/ 孛 /*pwol/ *mey /mey/ mai /mɑɪ/ 火 /m̥ǝ̄́j/
Sun 日 /*C.nik/ 日 /ȵit/ 日 /*hai/ 契 /*hʌi/ *nəy /nəy/ thum /tʰum/ 日 /ńǝt/
Moon 月 /*[ŋ]ʷat/ 月 /ŋuat/ 月羅理 /*tʌɾaɾi/ 妲 /*tʌl/ *s-la /s-la/ la /lə/ 月 /ŋwat/
Star 星 /*s-tsʰˤeŋ/ 星 /sɛjŋ/ 星利 /*pjəli/ — /—/ *s-kar /s-kar/ kɯr /kɯr/ 星 /shiēŋ/
Night 夜 /*[ɢ]Ak-s/ 夜 /jia/ 夜音 /*pam/ 監 /*pam/ *mun /mun/ yak /jak/ 夜 /źäh/
Rain 雨 /*C.ɢʷ(r)aʔ/ 雨 /ɦuə̆/ — 霏微 /*piβi/ *r-wa /r-wa/ — —
Snow 雪 /*[s]ot/ 雪 /swiat/ — 嫩 /*nwun/ *s-pʷal /s-pʷal/ — 雪 /sjwat/
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