Tayal
Atayal
Austronesian (Atayalic)
Atayal (Tayal) is the principal Northern Formosan language of mountainous northern Taiwan, spoken by ~85K with ~10K daily L1 users. Recognized as one of Taiwan's 16 indigenous Austronesian languages. Two main dialects: Squliq (more conservative, basis of standard) and C'uli'. Notable for facial-tattoo (ptasan) tradition marking adulthood (banned by Japanese colonial administration 1913). The reduplicative-rich verbal morphology and Austronesian focus-marking system of Atayal are central evidence in Formosan-as-homeland hypotheses.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Atayal
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Atayalic)
| Meaning | Atayal | Truku/Seediq | Bunun | Thao | Sasak | Batak Angkola | Ngaju |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | qsyaʼ /qsijaʔ/ | qsiya /qsija/ | danum /danum/ | sazum /saðum/ | aiq /aiʔ/ | aek /aek/ | danum /danum/ |
| Fire | puniq /puniq/ | puniq /puniq/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apuj/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apui /apui/ |
| Sun | wagiʼ /waɡiʔ/ | hidaw /hidaw/ | vali /vali/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | jelo /dʒəlo/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | matanandau /matanandau/ |
| Moon | byacing /bjatʃiŋ/ | idas /idas/ | buan /buan/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | bingah /biŋah/ | pngrah /pŋəɾah/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | mlhngan /mlhŋan/ | keeman /kəman/ | labian /labian/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | malem /maləm/ | borngin /borŋin/ | hamalem /hamaləm/ |
| Rain | qwalax /qwalax/ | quyux /qujux/ | qudan /qudan/ | qusaz /qusað/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | ujan /udʒan/ |
| Snow | hlaqiy /hlaqij/ | huda /huda/ | paav /paav/ | ulhza /uɬða/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ |
| Wind | behuy /bəhuj/ | bgihur /bɡihuɾ/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | fari /faɾi/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | riwut /riwut/ |
| Earth | rhzyal /rhzjal/ | dxgal /dəxɡal/ | dalah /dalah/ | pruq /pruq/ | tanaq /tanaʔ/ | tano /tano/ | petak /petak/ |
| Stone | btunux /btunux/ | btunux /btunux/ | batu /batu/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | rgyax /rɣjax/ | dgiyaq /dɡijaq/ | ludun /ludun/ | huzun /huðun/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolok /dolok/ | bukit /bukit/ |
| Sea | bsilung /bsiluŋ/ | gsilung /ɡsiluŋ/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | wazakan /waðakan/ | segare /səɡarə/ | laut /laut/ | tasik /tasik/ |
| Mother | yayaʼ /jajaʔ/ | bubu /bubu/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | inaq /inaʔ/ | inang /inaŋ/ | indu /indu/ |
| Father | yabaʼ /jabaʔ/ | tama /tama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | amaq /amaʔ/ | amang /amaŋ/ | bapa /bapa/ |
| Daughter | laqi kneril /laqi knəril/ | wauwa /wauwa/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — | anak nine /anak ninə/ | boru /boru/ | anak bawi /anak bawi/ |
| I | kuzing /kuziŋ/ | yaku /jaku/ | saikin /saikin/ | yaku /jaku/ | aku /aku/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | isuʼ /ʔisuʔ/ | isu /ʔisu/ | suu /suʔu/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | side /sidə/ | ho /ho/ | ikau /ikau/ |
| We | itaʼ / sami /itaʔ / sami/ | ita / yami /ʔita / jami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | ite / kami /itə / kami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | itah / ikei /itah / ikei/ |
| Name | laluʼ /laluʔ/ | hangan /haŋan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | tanan /tanan/ | aran /aran/ | goar /ɡoar/ | aran /aran/ |
| Person | squliq /squliq/ | seediq /sədiq/ | bunun /bunun/ | caw /θaw/ | dengan /dəŋan/ | halak /halak/ | uluh /uluh/ |
| Head | tunux /tunux/ | tunux /tunux/ | bungu /buŋu/ | punuq /punuq/ | otak /otak/ | ulu /ulu/ | takuluk /takuluk/ |
| Eye | roziq /roziq/ | dowriq /dowɾiq/ | mata /mata/ | maca /maθa/ | mate /matə/ | mata /mata/ | mate /mate/ |
| Ear | papak /paˈpak/ | birat /biɾat/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | lharina /ɬarina/ | kentok /kəntok/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | pinding /pindiŋ/ |
| Nose | nguhuw /ŋuhuw/ | muhing /muhiŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | muzin /muðin/ | irung /iruŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | urung /uruŋ/ |
| Mouth | nqwaq /nqwaq/ | quwaq /quwaq/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | biwih /biwih/ | baba /baba/ | nyama /ɲama/ |
| Tooth | gʼnux /ɡʔnux/ | rupun /ɾupun/ | nipun /nipun/ | nipin /nipin/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | kasinga /kasiŋa/ |
| Tongue | hmaʼ /hmaʔ/ | hema /həma/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | zama /ðama/ | elaq /əlaʔ/ | dila /dila/ | jela /dʒelaʔ/ |
| Hand | qbaʼ /qbaʔ/ | baga /baɡa/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | ime /imə/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lengen /ləŋən/ |
| Foot | kakay /kakaj/ | papak /papak/ | bantas /bantas/ | kuskus /kuskus/ | naé /nae/ | pat /pat/ | pai /pai/ |
| Heart | nyux /njux/ | lnglungan /lŋluŋan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | putul /putul/ | ate /ate/ | roha /roha/ | atei /atei/ |
| Bone | baqniʼ /baqniʔ/ | but /but/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | tolang /tolaŋ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | ramuʼ /ramuʔ/ | dara /daɾa/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | talhum /taɬum/ | daraq /daraʔ/ | mudar /mudar/ | daha /dahaʔ/ |
| Poop | quciʼ /qutsiʔ/ | quti /quti/ | taki /taki/ | caqi /θaqi/ | tai /tai/ | — | tai /tai/ |
| Love | kmalu inlungan /kmalu inluŋan/ | gmalu /ɡmalu/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | tresne /trəsnə/ | holong /holoŋ/ | sinta /sinta/ |
| Tree | qhuniq /qhuniq/ | qhuni /qhuni/ | kahu /kahu/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | lolon kayu /lolon kaju/ | hayu /haju/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Dog | huzil /huzil/ | huling /huliŋ/ | asu /asu/ | atu /atu/ | acong /aˈtʃoŋ/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ |
| Cat | ngiyaw /ŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋijaw/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | posi /posi/ | meong /meoŋ/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | posa /posa/ |
| Fish | qulih /quliç/ | qsurux /qsuɾux/ | iskan /iskan/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | empaq /əmpaʔ/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | lauk /ˈlauk/ |
| Bird | qbhniq /qbhniq/ | qbhni /qbhəni/ | hazam /hazam/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | kedit /kədit/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Butterfly | kperay /kpəraj/ | klaway /klawaj/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | — | — | kakupu /kakupuʔ/ |
| Egg | bazing /baziŋ/ | balung /baluŋ/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | teloq /təloʔ/ | pira /pira/ | tanteluh /tantəluh/ |
| Bear | ngarux /ŋarux/ | sumay /sumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | cumay /θumai/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | bahuang /bahuaŋ/ |
| Horse | rmeʼ /rməʔ/ | dmay /dmaj/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | kudo /kudo/ | kuda /kuda/ |
| House | ngasal /ŋasal/ | sapah /sapah/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | kayan /kajan/ | bale /bale/ | bagas /baɡas/ | huma /huma/ |
| Milk | mirukuʼ /mirukuʔ/ | nunuh /nunuh/ | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | buq na hzing /buq na hziŋ/ | beyuq /bejuq/ | vanu /vanu/ | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | madu /madu/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | madu /madu/ |
| Salt | cimuʼ /tsimuʔ/ | cimu /tsimu/ | hasila /hasila/ | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | sie /siə/ | sira /sira/ | uyah /ujah/ |
| Rice | bwax /bwax/ | buwax payay /buwax pajaj/ | cilas /tsilas/ | — | beras /bəras/ | — | behas /behas/ |
| Iron | baliq /baliq/ | xiluy /xiluj/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | balis /balis/ | besi /bəsi/ | bosi /bosi/ | wasi /wasi/ |
| Wheel | hbangan /hbaŋan/ | ribaw /ɾibaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — | gegiling /ɡəɡiliŋ/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ |
| Book | biruʼ /biruʔ/ | patis /patis/ | patasan /patasan/ | patashan /pataʃan/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Eat | maniq /maniq/ | meekan /meekan/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ | mangan /maŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Drink | mnbuw /mnbuw/ | mimah /mimah/ | muqun /muqun/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | nginem /ŋinəm/ | minum /minum/ | mihop /mihop/ |
| Sleep | mʼabiʼ /mʔabiʔ/ | mtaqi /mtaqi/ | masabah /masabah/ | malhus /maɬus/ | tindoq /tindoʔ/ | modom /modom/ | batiruh /batiruh/ |
| One | qutux /qutux/ | kingal /kiŋal/ | tasa /tasa/ | tata /tata/ | sekéq /səkeʔ/ | sada /sada/ | ije /ije/ |
| Two | sazing /saziŋ/ | dha /daha/ | dusa /dusa/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | due /duə/ | dua /dua/ | due /ˈdue/ |
| Three | cyugal /tsjuɡal/ | teru /təɾu/ | tau /tau/ | turu /tuɾu/ | telu /təlu/ | tolu /tolu/ | telo /təlo/ |
| Four | payat /pajat/ | sepac /səpats/ | paat /paːt/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | opat /opat/ | epat /əpat/ |
| Five | magal /maɣal/ | rima /ɾima/ | hima /hima/ | rima /rima/ | lima /limə/ | lima /lima/ | lime /lime/ |
| Hundred | kbhul /kβhul/ | kbekuy /kbəkuj/ | saba /saba/ | shaba /ʃaba/ | satus /satus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ |
| Hello | lokah /lokah/ | embiyax /əmbijax/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | ya /ja/ | salam /salam/ | horas /horas/ | salamat /salamat/ |
| Thank you | mhuway /mhuwaj/ | mhuway /mhuwaj/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | mihu /mihu/ | tampi asih /tampi asih/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ |
| Good | blaq /blaq/ | malu /malu/ | masial /masial/ | kapah /kapah/ | solah /solah/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | bahalap /bahalap/ |
| New | geqas /ɡəqas/ | bgurah /bɡuɾah/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | baru /baru/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | taheta /taheta/ |
| Red | mtalah /mtalah/ | mbanah /mbanah/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | beaq /beaʔ/ | rara /rara/ | bahandang /bahandaŋ/ |
| White | plqwiʼ /plqwiʔ/ | bhgay /bhəɡaj/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | putiq /putiʔ/ | bontar /bontar/ | baputi /baputi/ |
| Black | mqalux /mqalux/ | mqalux /mqalux/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | bideng /bidəŋ/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | babilem /babiləm/ |
| Green | mtasiq /mtasiq/ | msama /msama/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | ijo /idʒo/ | rata /rata/ | bahijau /bahidʒau/ |
| Blue | mtasiq /mtasiq/ | mgkarats /mŋ̩kaɾats/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | biru /biru/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | biru /biru/ |
| Computer | tennaw /tənnaw/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannau /tiannau/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Tea | ocyaʼ /otsjaʔ/ | ocya /otsja/ | ucia /utsia/ | — | tih /tih/ | — | teh /teh/ |
| Sugar | kmsyaʼ /kmsjaʔ/ | qmsiya /qəmsija/ | kamasia /kamasia/ | — | gule /ɡulə/ | — | — |
| Orange | yutak /jutak/ | mami /mami/ | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — | — |
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