Proto-Austronesian
Proto-austronesiano
Protolingua (ricostruita) · varietà storica / nascosta
Il proto-austronesiano (PAN) è l'antenato ricostruito della famiglia austronesiana — una delle più grandi al mondo, che si estende dal Madagascar all'Isola di Pasqua. È generalmente collocato a Taiwan intorno al 4000–3000 a.C., prima della grande espansione marittima attraverso il Sud-est asiatico insulare e il Pacifico; la ricostruzione — avviata da Dempwolff e poi affinata da Dyen e soprattutto da Blust e Starosta — si basa fortemente sulle divergenti lingue formosane, la cui importanza decisiva per il raggruppamento di alto livello fu riconosciuta solo dopo Dempwolff, la cui ricostruzione si fondava su testimoni malayo-polinesiani.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in proto-austronesiano
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Protolingua (ricostruita)
| Significato | Proto-austronesiano | Malese antico | Pazeh | Bunun | Cham antico | Mandar | Itbayaten |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | *daNum /daNum/ | air /air/ | dalum /dalum/ | danum /danum/ | ie /ʔiə/ | uai /uai/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Fuoco | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | api /api/ | hapoy /hapoj/ |
| Sole | *waRi /waRi/ | matari /matari/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | vali /vali/ | huriy /hurij/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | araw /araw/ |
| Luna | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | ilas /ilas/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | voxan /voɣan/ |
| Stella | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | mintol /mintol/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | vitoen /vitoɨn/ |
| Notte | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | xinian /xinian/ | labian /labian/ | malam /malam/ | bongi /boŋi/ | aʼxep /aʔɣɨp/ |
| Pioggia | *quzaN /quzaN/ | — | udan /udan/ | qudan /qudan/ | — | urang /uˈraŋ/ | timoy /timoj/ |
| Neve | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | hahela /hahela/ | paav /paav/ | — | — | — |
| Vento | *bali /bali/ | — | bari /baɾi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | sarawsaw /sarawsaw/ |
| Terra | *taneq /taneq/ | — | daxe /daxəʔ/ | dalah /dalah/ | — | litaq /litaʔ/ | tana /tana/ |
| Pietra | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ | batu /batu/ | vato /vato/ |
| Montagna | *bukij /bukij/ | — | — | ludun /ludun/ | — | buttu /butːu/ | — |
| Mare | *tenem /tenem/ | — | awas /awas/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | — | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | hawa /hawa/ |
| Madre | *ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | inā /ina/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | ina /ina/ |
| Padre | *ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | aba /aba/ | tama /tama/ | amā /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Io | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | yaku /jaku/ | saikin /saikin/ | ku /ku/ | iyau /ijau/ | yaken /jakɨn/ |
| Tu | *iSu /iSu/ | kamu /kamu/ | isiu /isiu/ | suu /suʔu/ | hã /haː/ | io /iʔo/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ |
| Noi | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | — /—/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ |
| Nome | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | angan /aŋan/ | sanga /saŋa/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Persona | *Cau /tsau/ | — | saw /saw/ | bunun /bunun/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ | tau /tau/ | tawo /tawo/ |
| Testa | *quluh /quluh/ | — | punu /punu/ | bungu /buŋu/ | — | ulu /ulu/ | oxo /oɣo/ |
| Occhio | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Orecchio | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | — | sainga /saiŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | — | talinga /taliŋa/ | talinya /taliɲa/ |
| Naso | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | — | muzing /muziŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | idung /iduŋ/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | mohdan /mohdan/ |
| Dente | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | nipun /nipun/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | isi /isi/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ |
| Lingua | *Sema /Sema/ | lidah /lidah/ | dahama /dahama/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | dalah /dalah/ | lila /lila/ | rila /rila/ |
| Mano | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /ɾima/ | ima /ima/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Piede | *qaqay /qaqay/ | — | karaw /kaɾaw/ | bantas /bantas/ | takai /takai/ | — | ayi /aji/ |
| Cuore | *pusuq /pusuq/ | hati /hati/ | baga /baɡa/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hatai /hatai/ | ate /ate/ | tawor /tawor/ |
| Osso | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | bul /bul/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | talang /talaŋ/ | buku /buku/ | toʼxang /toʔɣaŋ/ |
| Sangue | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | damu /damu/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | darah /darah/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | raya /raja/ |
| Cacca | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | — | — | taki /taki/ | — | tai /tai/ | — |
| Amore | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | — /—/ |
| Albero | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kayu /kaju/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kahu /kahu/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | kaju /kaju/ | kayoh /kajoh/ |
| Cane | *asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | wazu /wazu/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ | asu /asu/ | tito /tito/ |
| Gatto | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | mio /mio/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | *Sikan /Sikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | alaw /alaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | ikan /ikan/ | bau /ˈbau/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Uccello | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | cim /tʃim/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | kangkang /kaŋkaŋ/ |
| Farfalla | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | — | — | balikuan /balikuan/ | — | — | — |
| Uovo | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | — | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | — | talloq /talːoʔ/ | ittiiyoy /ittiijoj/ |
| Orso | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — | tumaz /tumað/ | — | — | — |
| Casa | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | xuma /xuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | vaxay /vaɣaj/ |
| Sale | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | garam /ɡaram/ | pahah /pahah/ | hasila /hasila/ | — | sia /sia/ | asin /asin/ |
| Riso | *beRas /beRas/ | — | — | cilas /tsilas/ | — | baras /baras/ | paray /paraj/ |
| Ferro | *Namat /Namat/ | — | — | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | — | bassi /basːi/ | — |
| Mangiare | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | mekan /məkan/ | maun /maun/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | koman /koman/ |
| Bere | *inum /inum/ | minum /minum/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | muqun /muqun/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | minung /minuŋ/ | ominom /ominom/ |
| Dormire | *tuduR /tuduR/ | tidur /tidur/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | masabah /masabah/ | — | matindro /matindro/ | makahicex /makahitʃɨɣ/ |
| Uno | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | adang /adaŋ/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ | mesa /mesa/ | aʼsa /aʔsa/ |
| Due | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dusa /dusa/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | doha /doha/ |
| Tre | *telu /telu/ | tlu /tlu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tau /tau/ | klau /klau/ | tallu /talːu/ | atlo /atlo/ |
| Quattro | *Sepat /səpat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | supat /supat/ | paat /paːt/ | pāt /paːt/ | appe /apːe/ | aʼpat /aʔpat/ |
| Cinque | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cento | *RaCus /RaCus/ | ratus /ratus/ | haten /hatən/ | saba /saba/ | — | sangatus /saŋatus/ | omyatos /omjatos/ |
| Ciao | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | — /—/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | siam /siam/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Nuovo | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | — | xias /xias/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | — | baru /baru/ | vaʼyo /vaʔjo/ |
| Rosso | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | merah /merah/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | mamea /mamea/ | mavayah /mavajah/ |
| Bianco | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | patih /patih/ | mapute /mapute/ | mahilak /mahilak/ |
| Nero | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hitam /hitam/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | mavaeng /mavaɨŋ/ |
| Bau bau | *qawqaw /qawqaw/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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