Proto-Mayan
Proto-maya
Protolingua (ricostruita) · varietà storica / nascosta
Il proto-maya è l’antenato ricostruito della famiglia maya della Mesoamerica (una trentina di lingue tra cui kʼicheʼ, yucateco e mam). È collocato negli altopiani del Guatemala intorno al 2200–2000 a.C. ed è ben ricostruito grazie a un dettagliato lavoro comparativo.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in proto-maya
Fonti
- Kaufman & Norman (1984) An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology and vocabulary
- Kaufman (2003) A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Protolingua (ricostruita)
| Significato | Proto-maya | Uspanteko | Kʼicheʼ | Pocomchí | Maya classico | Maya yucateco | Kaqchikel |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | *haʔ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ |
| Fuoco | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼáakʼ /kʼaːkʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ |
| Sole | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼiij /qʼiːx/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼiin /kʼiːn/ | qʼij /qʼix/ |
| Luna | *uːh /uːh/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | poh /poh/ | uh /uh/ | uj /uh/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Stella | *eʼq /eʼq/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ | eekʼ /eːkʼ/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ |
| Notte | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | áakʼabʼ /aːkʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ |
| Pioggia | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | haʼal /haʔal/ | cháak /tʃáːk/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ |
| Vento | *ʔiʔqʼ /ʔiʔqʼ/ | tew /tew/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | teew /teːw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | iikʼ /iːkʼ/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ |
| Terra | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /ulew/ | akʼal /akʼal/ | kab /kab/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | ulew /uleːw/ |
| Pietra | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | tuun /tuːn/ | tuunich /tuːˈnitʃ/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ |
| Montagna | *witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | yuuqʼ /juːqʼ/ | witz /wits/ | wiits /wiːts/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ |
| Madre | *naʔ /naʔ/ | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | tuut /tuːt/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Padre | *taat /taat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | ajaaw /axaːw/ | yuum /juːm/ | taata /taːta/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ |
| Io | *in /in/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | hin /hin/ | hiin /hiːn/ | teen /teːn/ | rïn /rɪn/ |
| Tu | *ʔat /ʔat/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | hat /hat/ | hat /hat/ | teech /teːtʃ/ | rat /rat/ |
| Noi | — /—/ | oj /ox/ | uj /ux/ | hoj /hox/ | — /—/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | röj /rʊx/ |
| Nome | *bʼih /bʼih/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼihnaal /ɓihnaːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ | kʼaabaʼ /kʼaːɓaʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ |
| Persona | *winaq /winaq/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | winaq /winaq/ | kʼachareel /kʼatʃareːl/ | winik /winik/ | máak /maːk/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ |
| Occhio | *Haty /hatʲ/ | wach /watʃ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | naqʼwachis /naqʼwatʃis/ | ut /ut/ | ich /itʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ |
| Orecchio | *xikin /ʃikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Naso | *nhiiʔ /ŋiːʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | juʼ /xuʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ |
| Bocca | *tyiiʔ /tʲiːʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼhis /tʃiʔhis/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Dente | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ | e /e/ | ware /waɾe/ | ehis /ehis/ | eh /eh/ | koh /koh/ | ey /ej/ |
| Lingua | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | aakʼ /aːkʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mano | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ |
| Piede | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | ooq /oːq/ | ook /oːk/ | ook /oːk/ | aqän /aqən/ |
| Cuore | — /—/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼuxliis /kʼuʃliːs/ | pixan /piʃan/ | puksiʼikʼal /puksiʔikʼal/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ |
| Osso | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | baak /ɓaːk/ | bʼaak /ɓaːk/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Sangue | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | kʼiʼikʼ /kʼiʔikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ |
| Cacca | *ta7 /taʔ/ | — | achaq /atʃaq/ | saaʼ /saːʔ/ | — | taʼ /taʔ/ | — |
| Amore | — /—/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | rahaal /rahaːl/ | yaah /jaːh/ | yaakuntej /jaːkunteh/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ |
| Albero | *teʔ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheeʼ /tʃeːʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Cane | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Gatto | — /—/ | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mees /meːs/ | miis /miːs/ | miis /miːs/ | mes /mes/ |
| Pesce | *kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kaɾ/ | kar /kar/ | kay /kaj/ | kay /kaj/ | kar /kar/ |
| Uccello | *tzʼikin /tzʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | mut /mut/ | chʼíichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Farfalla | *pehpen /pehpen/ | — | pepe /pepe/ | pehpem /pehpem/ | — | péepen /peːpen/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ |
| Casa | *nah /nah/ | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | paat /paːt/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | naj /nah/ | jay /xaj/ |
| Miele | *kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | — | kaab /kaːb/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Sale | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼaam /atsʼaːm/ | — | taʼab /taʔaɓ/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Libro | *huʔnh /huʔŋ/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | wuj /wux/ | huuj /huːx/ | huun /huːn/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | wuj /wux/ |
| Mangiare | *waʔ /waʔ/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | tijow /tixow/ | wiʼk /wiʔk/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | jaant /haːnt/ | waʼin /waʔin/ |
| Bere | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | uukʼ /uːkʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼul /ukʼul/ | kumun /kumun/ |
| Dormire | *war /war/ | war /war/ | war /waɾ/ | wirik /wirik/ | way /waj/ | wenel /wenel/ | war /war/ |
| Uno | *jun /jun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jinaj /xinax/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ |
| Due | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kiʼibʼ /kiʔiɓ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ |
| Tre | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | ixibʼ /iʃiɓ/ | ox /oʃ/ | óox /ʔoːʃ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ |
| Quattro | *kaŋibʼ /kaŋiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kijibʼ /kixiɓ/ | kan /kan/ | kan /kan/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ |
| Cinque | *hoʔ /hoʔ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | hoʼoobʼ /hoʔoːɓ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ |
| Ciao | — /—/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | baʼax ka waʼalik /baʔaʃ ka waʔalik/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | dios boʼotik /dios boʔotik/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ |
| Buono | *utz /utz/ | tzi /tsi/ | utz /uts/ | holohik /holohik/ | utz /uts/ | maʼalob /maʔalob/ | ütz /ʊts/ |
| Nuovo | *ʔa(a)kʼ /ʔakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | túumben /tuːmben/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ |
| Rosso | *kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | chak /tʃak/ | chak /tʃak/ | käq /kəq/ |
| Bianco | *saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säq /səq/ |
| Nero | *ʔejqʼ /ʔejqʼ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | box /boʃ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Verde | *raʔx /raʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ |
Pagina 1/8
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