Yélî Dnye
Yele
Lingua isolata (talvolta raggruppato Yele-Nuova Britannia occidentale)
Lo yélî dnye è una lingua isolata parlata da circa 4.000–5.000 persone sull'isola di Rossel, l'isola più orientale dell'arcipelago delle Louisiade al largo della Papua Nuova Guinea. Possiede uno dei più ampi inventari fonemici al mondo (circa 90 consonanti, comprese occlusive a doppia articolazione e un contrasto tra serie semplici e palatalizzate), un sistema portmanteau di tempo/aspetto/persona straordinariamente complesso con migliaia di forme verbali irregolari, e un vocabolario di evitamento legato al genere (le donne evitano certe parole associate al mare).
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in yele
Fonti
- Henderson, J. (1995) Phonology and Grammar of Yele, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics B-112.
- Levinson, S. C. (2022) A Grammar of Yélî Dnye: The Papuan Language of Rossel Island. De Gruyter Mouton (Pacific Linguistics 666).
- Levinson, S. C. (2013) The Island of Time: Yélî Dnye, the Language of Rossel Island. Frontiers in Psychology 4: 61.
- Glottolog: Yele
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Lingua isolata (talvolta raggruppato Yele-Nuova Britannia occidentale)
| Significato | Yele | Lhomi | Komba | Neko | Wichita | Greco miceneo | Proto-tocario |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | mbwaa /mbʷaː/ | ཆུ་ /tɕʰu˥/ | too /toː/ | wai /wai/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | 𐀄𐀈 /hudɔːr/ | *wär /wər/ |
| Fuoco | ndê /ɳɖə/ | མེ་ /me˥/ | kârâp /kɐɾɐp/ | titɛ /titɛ/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | 𐀢 /pyːr/ | *pŭwār /puwaːr/ |
| Sole | kââdî /kɑːʈɨ/ | ཉི་མ་ /ɲi˥ma˩/ | mirâsiŋ /miɾɐsiŋ/ | aatʌ /aːtʌ/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | 𐀀𐀸𐀪𐀍 /haːwelios/ | *kāunä /kaːunə/ |
| Luna | d:ââ /ʈɑ̃ː/ | ཟླ་བ་ /dawa˩/ | kâin /kɐin/ | — /—/ | waːh /waːh/ | 𐀕 /mɛːn/ | *mēñē /meːɲeː/ |
| Stella | pudu /puʈu/ | སྐར་མ /karma˥/ | sâŋgelak /sɐŋɡelak/ | kumba /kumba/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | 𐀀𐀳𐀫 /astɛːr/ | *scär /stsər/ |
| Notte | mgîdî /mɡɨʈɨ/ | མཚན་མོ /tsʰemːu˥/ | ŋâtik /ŋɐtik/ | — /—/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | — /—/ | *wyäṣi /wjəʂi/ |
| Pioggia | tpii /t̪piː/ | — | map /map/ | wai /wai/ | — | — | *sŭwese /suwese/ |
| Vento | yópu /jopu/ | — | pibâ /pibɐ/ | — | niweʔeːrʔa /niweʔeːɾʔa/ | 𐀀𐀚𐀗 /anemos/ | *wyente /wjente/ |
| Pietra | chêêpî /tʃəːpɨ/ | རྡོ་ /do˥/ | kât /kɐt/ | — | — | — | — |
| Montagna | mbu /mbu/ | — | bakŋâ /bakŋɐ/ | — | — | — | *ṣwyäle /ʂwjəle/ |
| Madre | pye /pʲɛ/ | ཨ་མ་ /ʔama˩/ | mam /mam/ | — /—/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | 𐀔𐀳 /maːtɛːr/ | *mācer /maːtser/ |
| Padre | mî /mɨ/ | ཨ་པ་ /ʔapa˩/ | ibâ /ibɐ/ | — /—/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | 𐀞𐀳 /patɛːr/ | *āppo /aːppo/ |
| Io | nê /ɳə/ | ང /ŋa˩/ | nâ /nɐ/ | na /na/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | 𐀁𐀒 /eɡɔː/ | *ñäś /ɲəɕ/ |
| Tu | nyi /ɲi/ | ཁྱོད /kʰjø˥/ | gâ /ɡɐ/ | ga /ɡa/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | 𐀶 /tuː/ | *tuwe /tuwe/ |
| Noi | — /—/ | — /—/ | nen /nen/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nome | pi /pi/ | མིང /miŋ˩/ | kut /kut/ | iwi /iwi/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | 𐀃𐀜𐀔 /onoma/ | *ñēmä /ɲeːmə/ |
| Testa | mbodo /mbɔʈɔ/ | — | kâuk /kɐuk/ | pit /pit/ | — | — | *ćäpālä /tɕəpaːlə/ |
| Occhio | ngwolo /ŋʷɔlɔ/ | མིག་ /mik˥/ | si /si/ | ta /ta/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | — /—/ | *ëk /ək/ |
| Orecchio | ngwene /ŋʷɛɳɛ/ | — | kindap /kindap/ | asipi /asipi/ | — | — | *kleutsān /kleutsaːn/ |
| Dente | nyóó /ɲoː/ | སོ /so˥/ | sât /sɐt/ | maati /maːti/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | — /—/ | *keme /keme/ |
| Lingua | dêê /ʈəː/ | ལྕེ /tɕila˥/ | nâmbâlam /nɐmbɐlam/ | melepi /mɛlepi/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | — /—/ | *käntwo /kəntwo/ |
| Mano | kêê /kəː/ | ལག་པ་ /lakpa˩/ | bit /bit/ | — /—/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | 𐀐𐀁 /kʰɛːr/ | *ṣar /ʂar/ |
| Piede | yi /ji/ | རྐང་པ /kaŋpa˥/ | ki /ki/ | tar /tar/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | 𐀡𐀆 /podei/ | *peine /peine/ |
| Cuore | gha /ɣa/ | སྙིང་ /ɲiŋ˥/ | kabiam /kabiam/ | — /—/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | — /—/ | *āräñce /aːrəɲtse/ |
| Osso | dînê /ʈɨɳə/ | རུས་པ /ryːpa˥/ | siŋit /siŋit/ | — /—/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | — /—/ | *āyä /aːjə/ |
| Sangue | wêê /wəː/ | ཁྲག /tʰak˥/ | gilâm /ɡilɐm/ | — /—/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | — /—/ | *yä́sar /jə́sar/ |
| Amore | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐀠𐀫 /pʰilos/ | — /—/ |
| Albero | yi /ji/ | ཤིང་ /ɕiŋ˥/ | nak /nak/ | tei /tei/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | 𐀈𐀬 /doru/ | — /—/ |
| Cane | w:ââ /wɑ̃ː/ | ཁྱི་ /kʰi˥/ | wâu /wɐu/ | gonʌ /ɡonʌ/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | 𐀓𐀺 /kuwɔːn/ | *ku /ku/ |
| Gatto | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | te /t̪ɛ/ | ན /na˥/ | iŋan /iŋan/ | nom /nom/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Uccello | ńmê /n̪mə/ | — | nii /niː/ | nuŋ /nuŋ/ | ichir /itsʰiɾ/ | — | — |
| Uovo | w:uu /wũː/ | — | — | — | nikwiːkʔa /nikʷiːkʔa/ | — | — |
| Orso | mbeyê /mbɛjə/ | དོམ /dom˩/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cavallo | hósi /hosi/ | — | biosi /biosi/ | — | — | 𐀂𐀦 /ikkʷos/ | *yäkwe /jəkwe/ |
| Casa | ngomo /ŋɔmɔ/ | ཁྱིམ་ /kʰim˥/ | mirâ /miɾɐ/ | — /—/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | 𐀺𐀂𐀒 /woikos/ | *wostŭ /wostu/ |
| Miele | mty:aa /mtʲãː/ | — | — | — | — | 𐀕𐀪 /meli/ | *ḿətə /mʲətə/ |
| Sale | ntii /n̪t̪iː/ | ཚྭ་ /tsʰa˥/ | sii /siː/ | — | — | — | — |
| Vino | wain /wain/ | — | waiŋ /waiŋ/ | — | — | 𐀺𐀜 /woinos/ | — |
| Libro | puku /puku/ | — | ekap /ekap/ | — | — | — | — |
| Mangiare | ma /ma/ | ཟ་ /sa˩/ | ni- /ni/ | nei /nei/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | 𐀁𐀈𐀕𐀙 /edmenai/ | — /—/ |
| Bere | ndanî /ɳɖaɳɨ/ | འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ˩/ | ni- /ni/ | — /—/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | 𐀡𐀜 /piːnɔː/ | — /—/ |
| Uno | ngmidi /ŋmiʈi/ | གཅིག་ /tɕik˥/ | kânok /kɐnok/ | — /—/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | 𐀁 /hen/ | *sems /sems/ |
| Due | miyó /mijo/ | གཉིས /ɲi˩/ | zagât /zaɡɐt/ | iri /iri/ | wic /wits/ | 𐀉𐀺 /duwoː/ | *wë /wə/ |
| Tre | pyile /pʲile/ | གསུམ /ʰsum˥/ | karâmbut /karɐmbut/ | tabe /tabe/ | taw /taw/ | 𐀯𐀪 /tiri/ | *treyä /trejə/ |
| Cinque | limi /limi/ | ལྔ /ʰŋa˥/ | bâtnâmbut /bɐtnɐmbut/ | — | — | — | *pʼä́ñćä /pʲə́ɲtɕə/ |
| Cento | yonoy:a /jɔɳɔjã/ | — | handeret /handeret/ | — | — | — | *känte /kənte/ |
| Ciao | mw:ââkó /mʷɑ̃ːko/ | བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས /taɕi˥ tele˩/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | mb:aa /mbãː/ | ཡག་པོ་ /jakpo˩/ | âlipŋâ /ɐlipŋɐ/ | — /—/ | acs /atss/ | 𐀀𐀏𐀳 /aɡatʰos/ | — /—/ |
| Nuovo | kamî /kamɨ/ | — | irakŋâ /irakŋɐ/ | — | — | 𐀚𐀺 /newos/ | *ñäwe /ɲəwe/ |
| Rosso | mtyemtye /mtʲɛmtʲɛ/ | དམར་པོ /mar˥pu˩/ | kuriŋ /kuriŋ/ | kanb /kanb/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | 𐀁𐀬𐀲𐀨 /erutʰraː/ | *rŭtäre /rutəre/ |
| Bianco | kpaapîkpaapî /kpaːpɨkpaːpɨ/ | དཀར་པོ /kar˥pu˩/ | kâukâu /kɐukɐu/ | — | — | 𐀩𐀄𐀒 /leukos/ | *ārkwi /aːrkwi/ |
| Nero | kpêdêkpêdê /kpəʈəkpəʈə/ | — | sumun sumun /sumun sumun/ | — | — | — | *erkent /erkent/ |
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