Mihaq
Kusunda
Lingua isolata
Il kusunda (Mihaq) è una lingua isolata in pericolo critico di estinzione del Nepal centro-occidentale, tradizionalmente parlata dalla comunità di cacciatori-raccoglitori kusunda, un tempo nomade, delle pendici del Mahabharat (distretti di Dang, Surkhet, Pyuthan, Tanahu). L'ultima parlante nativa pienamente fluente, Gyani Maiya Sen, è morta nel 2020 (sua sorella Kamala Khatri è morta nel 2024); rimangono ~3 parlanti parziali. Documentata da Hodgson nel 1857 e stabilita in modo decisivo come isolato da David Watters (Notes on Kusunda Grammar, 2006). L'Università Tribhuvan e la Commissione Linguistica del Nepal organizzano attualmente corsi di rivitalizzazione a Dang per diversi giovani kusunda.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in kusunda
Fonti
- Watters (2006) Notes on Kusunda Grammar
- Glottolog: kusu1250
- Ethnologue: kgg
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Lingua isolata
| Significato | Kusunda | Lardil | Proto-tunguso | Osco | Walmajarri | Yangkaal | Dyirbal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | taŋ /taŋ/ | nguka /ŋuka/ | *mū /mū/ | — /—/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | nguku /ŋuku/ | bana /ˈbana/ |
| Fuoco | dza /dza/ | nyuda /ɲuda/ | *tawa /tawa/ | — /—/ | warlu /ˈwaɭu/ | ngida /ŋida/ | buni /ˈbuni/ |
| Sole | iŋ /iŋ/ | warrka /waɾka/ | *sigūn /sigūn/ | — /—/ | purangu /puɻaŋu/ | warrku /waɾku/ | garri /ˈɡari/ |
| Luna | niku /niku/ | kirdikir /kiɖikir/ | *bēga /bēga/ | — /—/ | yakarn /jakaɳ/ | waldarra /waldaɾa/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ |
| Stella | sam /sam/ | kuwa thungal /kuwa θuŋal/ | *xōsikta /xoːsikta/ | — /—/ | wirl /wiɭ/ | miburlda thungalda /mibuɭda t̪uŋalda/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ |
| Notte | iŋao /iŋao/ | nata /nata/ | *dolbo /dolbo/ | — /—/ | pukanya /pukaɲa/ | ngimi /ŋimi/ | jagun /ɟaɡun/ |
| Pioggia | taŋ /taŋ/ | — | *tigde /tiɡde/ | — | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | — | gambal /ˈɡambal/ |
| Neve | yaq /jaq/ | — | *imana /imana/ | — | — | — | — |
| Vento | qaːi /qaːi/ | — | *xedün /xedyn/ | — | walypa /ˈwaʎpa/ | — | gulubu /ˈɡulubu/ |
| Terra | dum /dum/ | — | *nā /naː/ | teras /teras/ | nguwa /ˈŋuwa/ | — | jaju /ˈɟaɟu/ |
| Pietra | yeŋgu /jeŋɡu/ | — | *ǯolo /dʒolo/ | — | pamarr /ˈpamar/ | — | diban /ɟiban/ |
| Madre | məi /məi/ | ngama /ŋama/ | *eńi /eńi/ | maatúf /maːtof/ | ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/ | ngamathu /ŋamat̪u/ | yabu /ˈjabu/ |
| Padre | yəi /jəi/ | kantha /kan̪t̪a/ | *ama /ama/ | patír /patiːr/ | ngarpu /ŋaɻpu/ | kanthathu /kant̪at̪u/ | nguma /ˈŋuma/ |
| Io | tsi /tsi/ | ngada /ŋada/ | *bi /bi/ | egom /eɡom/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngada /ŋada/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ |
| Tu | nu /nu/ | nyingki /ɲiŋki/ | *si /si/ | tú /tuː/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyingka /ɲiŋka/ | nginda /ŋinda/ |
| Noi | tok /tok/ | ngakuli / nyali /ŋakuli / ɲali/ | *münti / *büe /mynti / bye/ | — /—/ | ngalimpa / nganimpa /ŋalimpa / ŋanimpa/ | ngakulda / ngalda /ŋakulda / ŋalda/ | ngana /ŋana/ |
| Nome | gidzi /ɡidzi/ | nyunda /ɲunda/ | *gerbū /gerbū/ | númen /nuːmen/ | yini /jini/ | nida /nida/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ |
| Persona | niu /niu/ | — | *ńārī /ɲaːriː/ | — | piyirn /ˈpijiɳ/ | — | — |
| Testa | ipi /ipi/ | — | *dili /dili/ | — | jurlu /ˈɟuɭu/ | — | — |
| Occhio | inəŋ /inəŋ/ | kuwa /kuwa/ | *ńāsa /ńāsa/ | — /—/ | mil /mil/ | miburlda /mibuɭda/ | gayga /ˈɡajɡa/ |
| Orecchio | iyu /iju/ | — | *sian /sian/ | — | pina /ˈpina/ | — | manga /ˈmaŋa/ |
| Naso | inu /inu/ | — | — | — | punul /ˈpunul/ | — | guwu /ˈɡuwu/ |
| Bocca | ata /ata/ | — | *amŋa /amŋa/ | — | — | — | — |
| Dente | uhu /uhu/ | kadma leman /kadma leman/ | *iːkte /iːkte/ | — /—/ | lirra /lira/ | damanda /damanda/ | dirra /dira/ |
| Lingua | iŋdzũ /iŋdzũ/ | jalda leman /dʒalda leman/ | *ilŋu /ilŋu/ | fangva /faŋɡwa/ | jalany /ɟalaɲ/ | jalngantha /ɟalŋant̪a/ | jalnggulay /ɟalŋɡulaj/ |
| Mano | awi /awi/ | marlda /maɭda/ | *ŋāla /ŋāla/ | manim /manim/ | kurrapa /kurapa/ | — /—/ | mala /ˈmala/ |
| Piede | yen /jen/ | jaa /dʒaː/ | *palgan /palgan/ | — | jina /ˈɟina/ | — | jina /ˈɟina/ |
| Cuore | gobloq /ɡobloq/ | bulja /buldʒa/ | *mēwan /mēwan/ | — /—/ | turlpu /ˈtuɭpu/ | — /—/ | rulgu /ˈɻulɡu/ |
| Osso | guhu /ɡuhu/ | kadma /kadma/ | *giramsa /ɡiramsa/ | — /—/ | kiji /kiɟi/ | julda /ɟulda/ | wurmbur /ˈwurmbur/ |
| Sangue | ləpa /ləpa/ | kanda /kanda/ | *sekse /sekse/ | — /—/ | nungu /nuŋu/ | kandu /kandu/ | waguli /waɡuli/ |
| Amore | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Albero | yi /ji/ | thungal /θuŋal/ | *mō /mō/ | — /—/ | mana /mana/ | — /—/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ |
| Cane | agəi /aɡəi/ | ngawa /ŋawa/ | *ŋinda /ŋinda/ | — /—/ | kunyarr /kuˈɲar/ | — /—/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ |
| Gatto | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | miyawu /mijawu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | nəsa /nəsa/ | yaka /jaka/ | *ollo /ollo/ | — /—/ | kapi /kapi/ | yakuri /jakuɾi/ | jabu /ˈɟabu/ |
| Uccello | qotu /qotu/ | — | *gasa /gasa/ | — | jiriki /ˈɟiɻiki/ | — | dundu /ˈdundu/ |
| Uovo | gwa /ɡwa/ | — | *umukta /umukta/ | — | kampiny /kampiɲ/ | — | bambu /bambu/ |
| Cavallo | pʰyaksəm /pʰjaksəm/ | — | *murin /murin/ | — | timana /ˈtimana/ | — | — |
| Casa | uhi /uhi/ | ngambirr /ŋambir/ | *ʒūg /dʒuːɡ/ | trííbúm /triːbom/ | mayaru /majaɻu/ | — /—/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ |
| Sale | huki /huki/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mangiare | am /am/ | jitha /dʒiθa/ | *ǰep- /ǰep/ | edum /edum/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | — /—/ | janggay /ˈɟaŋɡaj/ |
| Bere | qon /qon/ | kurdama /kuɖama/ | *umi- /umi/ | — /—/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | — /—/ | gunyjal /ˈɡuɲɟal/ |
| Dormire | iptɔː /iptɔː/ | — | *ām- /aːm/ | — | manyan /ˈmaɲan/ | — | bungil /ˈbuŋil/ |
| Uno | qasti /qasti/ | warnge /waɾŋe/ | *emun /emun/ | — /—/ | layi /laji/ | — /—/ | yunggul /ˈjuŋɡul/ |
| Due | dukhu /dukʰu/ | kiyarrng /kijaɾŋ/ | *ǰör /ǰör/ | dús /duːs/ | kurriny /kuriɲ/ | kiyarrngka /kijaɾŋka/ | bulay /ˈbulaj/ |
| Tre | dahat /dahat/ | mungkalan /muŋkalan/ | *ilan /ilan/ | trís /triːs/ | mungkartu /muŋkaʈu/ | — /—/ | garbu /ɡaɻbu/ |
| Quattro | pigu /piɡu/ | — | *dügin /dyɡin/ | pettiur /pettiur/ | — | — | — |
| Cinque | pãgo /pãɡo/ | — | *tuńga /tuńga/ | — | — | — | — |
| Ciao | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | wen /wen/ | kuba /kuba/ | *aya /aja/ | — /—/ | wulyu /wuʎu/ | — /—/ | jigil /ˈɟiɡil/ |
| Nuovo | dzəŋən /dzəŋən/ | — | *xirkekǖn /xirkekyːn/ | — | jalangjalang /ˈɟalaŋɟalaŋ/ | — | gunyu /ˈɡuɲu/ |
| Rosso | khərgun /kʰərɡun/ | kandukan /kandukan/ | *pula /pula/ | — /—/ | ngirljarti /ŋiɭɟaʈi/ | kandukandu /kandukandu/ | gunggu /ɡuŋɡu/ |
| Bianco | kasi /kasi/ | — | — | — | parpjarti /ˈpaɻpɟaɻti/ | — | — |
| Nero | soksogərəm /soksoɡərəm/ | — | *sakalīn /sakaliːn/ | — | kurnkurn /kuɳkuɳ/ | — | — |
| Verde | hərgun /hərɡun/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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