Madhurâ
Madurese
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian)
Madurese is spoken on Madura Island and the eastern parts of Java. Like Javanese, it has elaborate speech levels reflecting social hierarchy. It preserves geminate consonants and a phonemic /ɛ/ vs /ə/ distinction unusual in the region.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Madurese
Sources
- ABVD 75 Madurese (Blust, from Nothofer 1975 and Safioedin 1977); Madurese Bible (bible.com 2870, LAI); spelling of the aspirates/â follows the Madurese school orthography (Pawitra 2009 Kamus Madura style: ojhân, jhârân, ghunong)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian)
| Meaning | Madurese | Musi | Banjar | Sasak | Betawi | Minangkabau | Ambon Malay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | aèng /aɛŋ/ | ayek /ajek/ | banyu /baɲu/ | aiq /aiʔ/ | aèr /aɛr/ | aia /aia/ | aer /aer/ |
| Fire | apoy /apɔj/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /ˈapi/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | are /are/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | jelo /dʒəlo/ | mataari /mataˈari/ | matoari /matoaɾi/ | mata hari /mata hari/ |
| Moon | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /ˈbulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ |
| Star | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /ˈbintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | malem /maləm/ | malem /maləm/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ | malem /maləm/ | malam /malam/ | malang /malaŋ/ |
| Rain | ojhân /ɔdʒʱɤn/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | ujan /ˈudʒan/ | ujang /udʒaŋ/ |
| Snow | salju /saldʒu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — |
| Wind | angèn /aŋɛn/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | anging /aŋiŋ/ |
| Earth | tana /tana/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanaq /tanaʔ/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tana /tana/ |
| Stone | bato /ˈbatɔ/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | ghunong /ɡʱunɔŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunuang /ɡunuaŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Sea | taseʼ /taseʔ/ | laot /laot/ | laut /laut/ | segare /səɡarə/ | laut /laut/ | lauik /lauiʔ/ | lau /lau/ |
| Mother | embuʼ /əmbuʔ/ | mak /mak/ | uma /uma/ | inaq /inaʔ/ | enyaʼ /əˈɲaʔ/ | amak /amaʔ/ | mama /mama/ |
| Father | eppaʼ /əppaʔ/ | bapak /bapak/ | abah /abah/ | amaq /amaʔ/ | babè /baˈbɛ/ | abak /abaʔ/ | papa /papa/ |
| Daughter | anaʼ bineʼ /anaʔ binɛʔ/ | — | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | anak nine /anak ninə/ | anak perempuan /anak pərəmpuan/ | anak padusi /anaʔ padusi/ | ana parangpuang /ana paraŋpuaŋ/ |
| I | sengkoʼ /səŋkoʔ/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | guè /ɡuˈwɛ/ | ambo /ambo/ | beta /beta/ |
| You | baʼna /baʔna/ | kau /kau/ | ikam /ikam/ | side /sidə/ | lu /lu/ | ang /aŋ/ | ose /ose/ |
| We | ban baʼna kabbi / sengkoʼ kabbi /ban baʔna kabbi / səŋkoʔ kabbi/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ite / kami /itə / kami/ | kite /kite/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | katong /katoŋ/ |
| Name | nyama /ɲama/ | namo /namo/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | aran /aran/ | nama /ˈnama/ | namo /namo/ | nama /nama/ |
| Person | oreng /ɔrɛŋ/ | wong /woŋ/ | urang /uraŋ/ | dengan /dəŋan/ | orang /oraŋ/ | urang /uraŋ/ | orang /oraŋ/ |
| Head | cèthak /tʃɛʈʰaʔ/ | palak /palak/ | kapala /kapala/ | otak /otak/ | palè /palɛ/ | kapalo /kapalo/ | kapala /kapala/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mate /matə/ | mata /ˈmata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | kopèng /kɔpɛŋ/ | telingo /teliŋo/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | kentok /kəntok/ | kuping /kupiŋ/ | talingo /taliŋo/ | talinga /taliŋa/ |
| Nose | elong /ɛloŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | irung /iruŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | iduang /iduaŋ/ | idong /idoŋ/ |
| Mouth | coloʼ /tʃɔlɔʔ/ | mulut /mulut/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | biwih /biwih/ | mulut /mulut/ | muluik /muluiʔ/ | mulu /mulu/ |
| Tooth | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | jhila /dʒʱila/ | lidah /lidah/ | ilat /ilat/ | elaq /əlaʔ/ | lida /lida/ | lidah /lidah/ | lida /lida/ |
| Hand | tanang /tanaŋ/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | ime /imə/ | tangan /ˈtaŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangang /taŋaŋ/ |
| Foot | soko /sɔkɔ/ | — | batis /batis/ | naé /nae/ | kaki /kaki/ | kaki /kaki/ | kaki /kaki/ |
| Heart | ate /atɛ/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ | ate /ate/ | ati /ˈati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ |
| Bone | tolang /tolaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tolang /tolaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | dhara /ɖʱara/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | daraq /daraʔ/ | dare /dare/ | darah /darah/ | dara /dara/ |
| Poop | taè /taɛ/ | taik /taik/ | tahi /tahi/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | cirik /tʃiɾiʔ/ | tai /tai/ |
| Love | tresna /trɛsna/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | tresne /trəsnə/ | cinta /ˈtʃinta/ | cinto /tʃinto/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Tree | kaju /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | batang /bataŋ/ | lolon kayu /lolon kaju/ | puʼun /puˈʔun/ | kayu /kaju/ | pohong /pohoŋ/ |
| Dog | pateʼ /patɛʔ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | acong /aˈtʃoŋ/ | anjing /ˈandʒiŋ/ | anjiang /aɲdʒiaŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | koceng /kɔtʃɛŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ | meong /meoŋ/ | kucing /ˈkutʃiŋ/ | kuciang /kutʃiaŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | jukoʼ /dʒukoʔ/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | empaq /əmpaʔ/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikang /ˈikaŋ/ |
| Bird | manoʼ /manoʔ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | kedit /kədit/ | burung /buruŋ/ | buruang /buruaŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Butterfly | ghâpper /ɡʱɤppər/ | — | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | — | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | ramo-ramo /ramo ramo/ | — |
| Egg | tellor /tɛlːor/ | telok /telok/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | teloq /təloʔ/ | telor /təlor/ | talua /talua/ | telor /təlor/ |
| Bear | baruwang /baruwaŋ/ | — | biruang /biruaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | baribeh /baribeh/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ |
| Horse | jhârân /dʒʱɤrɤn/ | — | kuda /kuda/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | kuda /ˈkuda/ | kudo /kudo/ | kuda /kuda/ |
| House | bengko /bəŋkɔ/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | bale /bale/ | rume /ˈrumə/ | rumah /ɾumah/ | ruma /ruma/ |
| Milk | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | maddhu /maddʱu/ | — | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ |
| Salt | buja /budʒa/ | garam /ɡaram/ | uyah /ujah/ | sie /siə/ | garem /ɡarəm/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garang /ɡaraŋ/ |
| Wine | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggor /ˈaŋɡor/ |
| Rice | bherrâs /bʱərrɤs/ | beras /bəras/ | baras /baras/ | beras /bəras/ | beras /bəras/ | bareh /bareh/ | baras /baras/ |
| Chocolate | cokklat /tʃɔkklat/ | coklat /tʃoklat/ | suklat /ˈsuklat/ | — | — | cokelat /tʃoˈkəlat/ | — |
| Iron | bessè /bəsːɛ/ | besi /bəsi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | besi /bəsi/ | besi /bəˈsi/ | basi /ˈbasi/ | besi /besi/ |
| Wheel | rodha /ˈrɔɖʱa/ | — | roda /roda/ | gegiling /ɡəɡiliŋ/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ |
| Silk | sotra /sɔtra/ | — | sutra /sutra/ | sutre /sutrə/ | sutra /sutra/ | suto /suto/ | sutra /sutra/ |
| Book | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Eat | ngakan /ŋakan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | makan /ˈmakan/ | makan /makan/ | makang /makaŋ/ |
| Drink | ngenom /ŋənɔm/ | minum /minum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | nginem /ŋinəm/ | minum /ˈminum/ | minum /minum/ | minong /minoŋ/ |
| Sleep | tedhung /təɖʱuŋ/ | tido /tido/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | tindoq /tindoʔ/ | tidur /tidur/ | lalok /laloʔ/ | tidor /tidor/ |
| One | settong /səttɔŋ/ | siko /siko/ | asa /asa/ | sekéq /səkeʔ/ | atu /ˈatu/ | ciek /tʃieʔ/ | satu /satu/ |
| Two | dhuwaʼ /ɖuwaʔ/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | due /duə/ | dua /ˈduwa/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | telloʼ /təlːoʔ/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | talu /talu/ | telu /təlu/ | tige /tiɡə/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tiga /tiɡa/ |
| Four | empaʼ /əmpaʔ/ | empat /əmpat/ | ampat /ampat/ | empat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | ampek /ampeʔ/ | ampa /ampa/ |
| Five | lemaʼ /ləmaʔ/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | lima /limə/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | saratos /saratos/ | seratus /səratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | satus /satus/ | seratus /səratus/ | saratuih /saratuih/ | saratus /saratus/ |
| Hello | salam /salam/ | halo /halo/ | salam /salam/ | salam /salam/ | salamalékum /salamaˈlekum/ | salam /salam/ | hela /hela/ |
| Thank you | tarèma kasè /tarɛma kasɛ/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | tampi asih /tampi asih/ | makasi /maˈkasi/ | tarimo kasiah /taɾimo kasiah/ | tarima kase /tarima kase/ |
| Good | bagus /baɡus/ | bagus /baɡus/ | bagus /baɡus/ | solah /solah/ | baèk /baˈɛʔ/ | rancak /ɾantʃaʔ/ | bagus /baɡus/ |
| New | anyar /aɲar/ | anyar /aɲar/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ |
| Red | mera /mɛra/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | habang /habaŋ/ | beaq /beaʔ/ | mèra /ˈmɛra/ | sirah /siɾah/ | mera /ˈmera/ |
| White | pote /potɛ/ | putih /putih/ | putih /putih/ | putiq /putiʔ/ | puti /puti/ | putiah /putiah/ | puti /puti/ |
| Black | celleng /tʃəllɛŋ/ | item /itəm/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | bideng /bidəŋ/ | item /itəm/ | itam /itam/ | itang /itaŋ/ |
| Green | bhiru /bʱiru/ | ijo /idʒo/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | ijo /idʒo/ | ijo /ˈidʒo/ | ijau /idʒau/ | ijo /idʒo/ |
| Blue | bhiru /bʱiru/ | — | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ | biru /biɾu/ | biru /biru/ |
| Computer | komputer /kɔmˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
| Tea | tèh /tɛh/ | — | teh /teh/ | tih /tih/ | té /te/ | teh /teh/ | — |
| Coffee | kopi /kɔpi/ | — | kupi /kupi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kopi /kopi/ | — |
| Sugar | ghulâ /ɡʱulɐ/ | — | gula /ɡula/ | gule /ɡulə/ | gula /ɡula/ | gulo /ɡulo/ | — |
| Ninety-nine | sangang polo sangaʼ /saŋaŋ pɔlɔ saŋaʔ/ | — | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | siwaq pulu siwaq /siwaʔ pulu siwaʔ/ | — | sambilan puluah sambilan /sambilan puluah sambilan/ | sambilang pulu sambilang /sambilaŋ pulu sambilaŋ/ |
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