Trēgāmī
Tregami
Indo-European
Tregami (Trēgāmī, "people of the three villages") is a Nuristani language of the small Nuristani family within Indo-Iranian, spoken by ~3,500 people in the Tregam Valley of Nuristan Province, Afghanistan. The Nuristani family (Kati, Waigali, Tregami, Ashkun, Prasuni — 5 languages, total ~125,000 speakers) shows distinctive features that distinguish it from both Indo-Aryan and Iranian: a characteristic series of affricates and sibilants developed from the Proto-Indo-European palatals — an archaism that sets Nuristani apart from both branches — together with a unique vowel system. Morgenstierne's 1973 reference grammar (Notes on Tregami) is the foundational documentation. Religious context: Nuristanis converted from Kafiri (pre-Islamic) practice to Islam in the late 19th century after Afghan conquest of "Kafiristan".
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Tregami
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European
| Meaning | Tregami | Pashai | Hajong | Khowar | Sogdian | Chittagonian | Finnish Romani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | āw /aːw/ | واری /waːri/ | pani /pani/ | اُوغ /uːɣ/ | ʾāp /aːp/ | ফানি /fani/ | paani /paːni/ |
| Fire | aŋa /aŋa/ | انگاری /aŋɡaːri/ | ag /aɡ/ | انگار /aŋˈɡaːr/ | ʾātar /aːtar/ | আগ্যন /aɡːon/ | jaak /jaːk/ |
| Sun | sa /sa/ | سور /sur/ | bela /bela/ | یور /joːr/ | xwr /xwar/ | সূর্য /surdʒo/ | kham /kʰam/ |
| Moon | mas /mas/ | مس /mas/ | চান /tʃan/ | مَس /mas/ | mʾx /maːx/ | চান /tʃan/ | choon /tʃʰoːn/ |
| Star | tāra /taːra/ | تارا /taːraː/ | tara /taɾa/ | استاری /isˈtaːɾi/ | stāre /staːre/ | তারা /tara/ | čerhai /tʃerhai/ |
| Night | yatr /jatr/ | رات /rat/ | rati /rati/ | چھوئی /tʃʰuˈi/ | ʾxšp /xʃap/ | রাইত /raːit/ | rat /rat/ |
| Rain | weṣiŋ /weʂiŋ/ | واښ /waːʂ/ | mek /mek/ | — | wārān /waːraːn/ | ঝর /dʒɔr/ | — |
| Snow | źim /dzim/ | ہیم /hiːm/ | borof /bɔrof/ | ہیم /hiːm/ | wafrā /wafraː/ | বরফ /bɔrɔf/ | iiv /iːv/ |
| Stone | wāṭ /waːʈ/ | — | — | بوہت /boht/ | snk /saŋɡ/ | ফাত্যোর /fatːɔr/ | bar /bar/ |
| Mountain | dā /daː/ | — | — | زوم /zɔm/ | γari /ɣari/ | ফাআর /faːr/ | halla /halːa/ |
| Mother | žey /ʒej/ | نا /naː/ | ma /ma/ | نَن /nan/ | mʾtr /maːtar/ | মা /ma/ | daij /daij/ |
| Father | tata /tata/ | تاتا /taːtaː/ | baba /baba/ | تَت /tat/ | ptr /pitar/ | বাফ /baf/ | daad /daːd/ |
| Daughter | ǰu /dʒu/ | اوی /oːj/ | — | ژور /ʒuːr/ | ẟwγt /ðuɣd/ | মাইয়া /maija/ | čai /tʃai/ |
| I | e /e/ | آ /aː/ | moi /muɪ/ | اوا /awa/ | azu /azu/ | আঁই /ãi/ | me /me/ |
| You | tu /tu/ | تو /tu/ | tui /tuɪ/ | تو /tu/ | tγu /tɣu/ | তুঁই /tũi/ | tu /tu/ |
| We | awë /awə/ | اما /amaː/ | amra /amra/ | اسپا /ispa/ | mʾx /maːx/ | আঁরা /ãra/ | ame /ame/ |
| Name | nām /naːm/ | نام /naːm/ | nam /nam/ | نام /naːm/ | nām /naːm/ | নাম /nam/ | nav /nav/ |
| Head | ṣēi /ʂeːi/ | شیر /ʃiːr/ | — | سور /soːr/ | sari /sari/ | মাতা /mata/ | šeero /ˈʃeːro/ |
| Eye | ac̣ĩ /aʈʂĩ/ | اچی /atʃiː/ | soku /sɔku/ | غیچ /ɣeːtʃ/ | cšm /tʃaʃm/ | চোক /tʃɔk/ | jakk /jakː/ |
| Ear | kar /kar/ | کن /kan/ | kan /kan/ | کار /kaːr/ | γwš /ɣoːʃ/ | কান /kan/ | kan /kan/ |
| Nose | nas /nas/ | — | nak /nak/ | نسکار /naskaːr/ | nas /nas/ | নাক /nak/ | nakh /nakʰ/ |
| Mouth | aš /aʃ/ | گلان /ɡilaːn/ | — | اپاک /aˈpaːk/ | rγʾh /raɣaː/ | মুক /muk/ | muj /muj/ |
| Tooth | düt /dyt/ | دند /dand/ | dat /dat/ | دون /don/ | dntʾ /danda/ | দাঁত /dãt/ | dand /dand/ |
| Tongue | jip /dʒip/ | ژیب /ʒib/ | jiba /dʒiba/ | لیگینی /liɡini/ | ʾzβʾk /əzβaːk/ | জিব /dʒib/ | čimb /tʃimb/ |
| Hand | doš /doʃ/ | دست /dast/ | hat /hat/ | ہوست /host/ | dst /dast/ | আত /at/ | vast /vast/ |
| Heart | źo /zo/ | دل /dil/ | mon /mon/ | ہردی /harˈdi/ | δrzy /ðərʒeː/ | মন /mon/ | llo /lːo/ |
| Bone | aṭi /aʈi/ | اټھی /aʈʰiː/ | harang /haraŋ/ | کوڑ /koːɫ/ | ʾstk /əstak/ | আড্ডি /aɖːi/ | kokalos /ˈkokalos/ |
| Blood | luy /luj/ | رت /ratː/ | rokto /rɔkto/ | لیے /lej/ | γwrn /xurn/ | রক্ত /rɔkto/ | rat /rat/ |
| Love | — /—/ | پیار /pjaːr/ | — /—/ | عشق /iʃq/ | frytk /friːtak/ | মহব্যত /mohobːot/ | kamel /kamel/ |
| Tree | jala /dʒala/ | درغ /darʁ/ | gas /ɡas/ | کان /kaːn/ | drxt /draxt/ | গাছ /ɡatʃʰ/ | rukh /rukʰ/ |
| Dog | ćū̃ /tsũː/ | کوتا /kotaː/ | kuthura /kutʰuɾa/ | رینی /ˈɾeːni/ | ʾkw /aːkuː/ | কুত্তা /kutːa/ | žukli /ʒukli/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | بلور /baloːr/ | — /—/ | پُشی /ˈpuʃi/ | — /—/ | বিলাই /bilaj/ | mačka /matʃka/ |
| Fish | mäć /mæts/ | مچی /matʃiː/ | mas /maːtʃʰ/ | مڅھی /matsʰi/ | mʾšy /maːʃi/ | মাছ /maːtʃʰ/ | mačho /ˈmatʃo/ |
| Egg | yau /jau/ | اڼا /aɳaː/ | dim /dim/ | ائیکون /aˈikun/ | mrγyzʾty /mərɣezaːteː/ | আন্ডা /anɖa/ | jaaro /jaːro/ |
| House | amā /amaː/ | جوغ /dʒoʁ/ | ghor /ɡʱoɾ/ | دُر /dur/ | kṯʾk /kaθaːk/ | গর /ɡɔr/ | kher /kʰer/ |
| Eat | — /—/ | کخن- /kxn/ | kha /kʰa/ | ژبیک /ʒiˈbik/ | xwartan /xwartan/ | খাওয়া /kʰaɔwa/ | xal /xal/ |
| Drink | — /—/ | پی- /piː/ | kha /kʰa/ | پی /piː/ | pi- /pi/ | ফিওয়া /fiɔwa/ | piel /piel/ |
| One | yo /jo/ | ایک /eːk/ | ek /ek/ | اِی /iː/ | yw /jɛw/ | এক /ek/ | jekk /jekː/ |
| Two | du /du/ | دو /duː/ | dui /duɪ/ | جو /dʒu/ | aδwa /aðwa/ | দুই /dui/ | duj /duj/ |
| Three | tre /tre/ | لهی /ɬe/ | tin /tin/ | ٹرے /ʈroj/ | ʾδry /ðreː/ | তিন /tin/ | trin /trin/ |
| Four | čātā /tʃaːtaː/ | چار /tʃaːr/ | — | چور /tʃoːr/ | ctfʾr /tʃatfaːr/ | চাইর /tʃaːir/ | staar /staːr/ |
| Five | põč /põtʃ/ | پنج /pandʒ/ | — | پونج /pondʒ/ | pnc /pantʃ/ | ফাঁচ /fãtʃ/ | pantš /pantʃ/ |
| Hello | salaam /salaːm/ | سلام /salaːm/ | — /—/ | السلام علیکم /assalaːmu ʕalaikum/ | drwd /druːd/ | আদাব /adab/ | šukar diives /ʃukaɾ diːves/ |
| Thank you | shukria /ʃukria/ | شکریه /ʃukrija/ | — /—/ | شکریہ /ʃukrijaː/ | — /—/ | শুকরিয়া /ʃukrija/ | naais /naːis/ |
| Good | — /—/ | شو /ʃoː/ | bhala /bʱala/ | جَم /dʒam/ | nyk /neːk/ | ফাল্লে /falːe/ | šukar /ʃukaɾ/ |
| Red | ḍẓatå /ɖʐatɔ/ | لال /laːl/ | lal /lal/ | کروے /kruj/ | swxr /suxr/ | লাল /lal/ | lolo /ˈlolo/ |
| White | kešera /keʃera/ | — | dhola /dʱola/ | اِشپیرو /iʃpeːru/ | ʾspʾyt /ispeːt/ | ধলা /dʱɔla/ | parno /parno/ |
| Green | palašó /palaʃo/ | — | — | اوݯ /ɔʈʂ/ | zarγōnē /zarɣoːneː/ | হোস্যুয়া /hosːuwa/ | grönt /ɡrønt/ |
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