Arbërisht
Arbëresh
Indo-European
Arbëresh (Italo-Albanian, autonymously Arbërisht) is an Albanian language variant of the Tosk branch, spoken by around 80,000 people in approximately 50 villages across southern Italy, primarily in Cosenza Province (Calabria) but also in Sicily, Basilicata, Molise, Puglia, Abruzzo, and Campania. The Arbëresh communities are descendants of 15th-century Albanian refugees who fled Ottoman conquest of Albanian-speaking regions after the death of the Albanian national hero Skanderbeg in 1468. They maintained their pre-Ottoman Tosk Albanian language, Catholic religion of the Italo-Greek Byzantine Rite, and distinct cultural identity for over 500 years. Linguistically, Arbëresh preserves Old Tosk features lost in Standard Albanian, providing important historical-comparative evidence for the development of the Albanian language. The Arbëresh have produced major Albanian literary figures including Jeronim de Rada (1814-1903), the founder of modern Albanian literature.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Arbëresh
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European
| Meaning | Arbëresh | Albanian | Gheg Albanian | Neapolitan | Portuguese | Sicilian | Galician |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ujë /ujə/ | ujë /ujə/ | ujë /uj/ | acqua /ˈakkwə/ | água /ˈaɡwɐ/ | acqua /ˈakkwa/ | auga /ˈawɣa/ |
| Fire | zjarr /zjar/ | zjarr /zjar/ | zjarr /zjar/ | fuoco /ˈfwɔkə/ | fogo /ˈfoɡu/ | focu /ˈfɔku/ | lume /ˈlume/ |
| Sun | diell /diɛɫ/ | diell /diɛɫ/ | diell /diɫ/ | sole /ˈsolə/ | sol /sɔɫ/ | suli /ˈsuli/ | sol /sɔl/ |
| Moon | hëna /həna/ | hënë /hənə/ | hânë /hɑ̃ːn/ | luna /ˈlunə/ | lua /ˈluɐ/ | luna /ˈluna/ | lúa /ˈlua/ |
| Star | ill /iɫ/ | yll /yɫ/ | yll /yɫ/ | stella /ˈstellə/ | estrela /ɨʃˈtɾelɐ/ | stidda /ˈstɪɖːa/ | estrela /esˈtɾela/ |
| Night | natë /ˈnatə/ | natë /ˈnatə/ | natë /naːt/ | notte /ˈnɔttə/ | noite /ˈnojtɨ/ | notti /ˈnɔtti/ | noite /ˈnojte/ |
| Rain | shi /ʃi/ | shi /ʃi/ | shi /ʃi/ | chiòve /ˈkjɔːvə/ | chuva /ˈʃuvɐ/ | chiuvuta /kjuˈvuta/ | choiva /ˈtʃoi̯βa/ |
| Snow | zborë /ˈzbɔɾə/ | borë /bɔːɾə/ | borë /boːɾ/ | neve /ˈneːvə/ | neve /nɛvɨ/ | nivi /ˈniːvi/ | neve /ˈneβe/ |
| Wind | erë /ˈəɾə/ | erë /ˈɛɾə/ | erë /eːɾ/ | viento /ˈvjendə/ | vento /ˈvẽtu/ | ventu /ˈvɛntu/ | vento /ˈbento/ |
| Earth | dhé /ðɛ/ | dhé /ðɛ/ | dhé /ðɛ/ | terra /ˈtɛrːə/ | terra /ˈtɛʁɐ/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | terra /ˈtɛra/ |
| Stone | gur /ɡuɾ/ | gur /ɡuɾ/ | gur /ɡuɾ/ | preta /ˈprɛtə/ | pedra /ˈpɛðɾɐ/ | petra /ˈpɛːtra/ | pedra /ˈpeðɾa/ |
| Mountain | mal /mal/ | mal /mal/ | mal /mal/ | muntagna /munˈdaɲːə/ | montanha /mõˈtaɲɐ/ | muntagna /munˈtaɲɲa/ | montaña /monˈtaɲa/ |
| Sea | det /dɛt/ | det /dɛt/ | det /dɛt/ | mare /ˈmarə/ | mar /maɾ/ | mari /ˈmari/ | mar /maɾ/ |
| Mother | mëma /məma/ | nënë /nənə/ | nânë /nɑ̃ːn/ | mamma /ˈmammə/ | mãe /mɐ̃j/ | matri /ˈmatri/ | nai /naj/ |
| Father | tata /tata/ | baba /baba/ | baba /baˈba/ | pate /ˈpatə/ | pai /paj/ | patri /ˈpatri/ | pai /paj/ |
| Daughter | bijë /ˈbijə/ | bijë /ˈbijə/ | bijë /bij/ | figlia /ˈfiʎʎə/ | filha /ˈfiʎɐ/ | figghia /ˈfiɟɟa/ | filla /ˈfiʎa/ |
| I | u /u/ | unë /ˈunə/ | unë /un/ | io /ˈiːə/ | eu /ew/ | iu /ju/ | eu /ew/ |
| You | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | ti /ti/ |
| We | na /na/ | ne /nɛ/ | na /na/ | nuje /ˈnujə/ | nós /nɔʃ/ | nuàutri /nuˈawtri/ | nós /nɔs/ |
| Name | emër /ˈemər/ | emër /ˈɛmər/ | emën /ˈɛ̃mən/ | nomme /ˈnommə/ | nome /ˈnomɨ/ | nomu /ˈnɔmu/ | nome /ˈnome/ |
| Person | njeri /ɲɛˈɾi/ | njeri /ɲɛˈri/ | njeri /ɲɛˈɾi/ | perzona /perˈtsonə/ | pessoa /pɨˈsoɐ/ | pirsuna /pirˈsuna/ | persoa /pɛɾˈsoa/ |
| Head | krie /ˈkɾiɛ/ | kokë /ˈkokə/ | krye /kry/ | capa /ˈkapə/ | cabeça /kɐˈbesɐ/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | cabeza /kaˈβeθa/ |
| Eye | si /si/ | sy /sy/ | sy /sy/ | uocchio /ˈwɔkkjə/ | olho /ˈoʎu/ | occhiu /ˈɔkkju/ | ollo /ˈoʎo/ |
| Ear | vesh /vɛʃ/ | vesh /veʃ/ | vesh /veʃ/ | 'recchia /ˈrɛkkjə/ | orelha /oˈɾeʎɐ/ | aricchia /aˈrikkja/ | orella /oˈreʎa/ |
| Nose | hundë /ˈhundə/ | hundë /ˈhundə/ | hundë /hund/ | naso /ˈnaːsə/ | nariz /nɐˈɾiʃ/ | nasu /ˈnaːsu/ | nariz /naˈɾiθ/ |
| Mouth | grikë /ˈɡɾikə/ | gojë /ˈɡɔjə/ | gojë /ɡoj/ | vocca /ˈvokkə/ | boca /ˈbokɐ/ | vucca /ˈvukka/ | boca /ˈbɔka/ |
| Tooth | dhëmb /ðəmb/ | dhëmb /ðəmb/ | dhamb /ðamb/ | dente /ˈdɛntə/ | dente /ˈdẽtɨ/ | denti /ˈdɛnti/ | dente /ˈdente/ |
| Tongue | gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/ | gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/ | gjuhë /ɟuːh/ | lengua /ˈlɛŋɡwə/ | língua /ˈlĩɡwɐ/ | lingua /ˈlinɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ |
| Hand | dora /dɔɾa/ | dorë /dɔɾə/ | dorë /doːɾ/ | mano /ˈmanə/ | mão /mɐ̃w/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | man /maŋ/ |
| Foot | këmba /ˈkəmba/ | këmbë /kəmbə/ | kâmbë /kamb/ | pere /ˈpɛːrə/ | pé /pɛ/ | pedi /ˈpɛdi/ | pé /pɛ/ |
| Heart | zemër /zɛməɾ/ | zemër /zɛməɾ/ | zemër /ˈzeməɾ/ | core /ˈkorə/ | coração /kuɾɐˈsɐ̃w/ | cori /ˈkɔri/ | corazón /koɾaˈθoŋ/ |
| Bone | asht /aʃt/ | kockë /ˈkotskə/ | asht /aʃt/ | uosso /ˈwɔssə/ | osso /ˈosu/ | ossu /ˈɔssu/ | óso /ˈɔso/ |
| Blood | gjak /ɟak/ | gjak /ɟak/ | gjak /ɟak/ | sango /ˈsaŋɡə/ | sangue /ˈsɐ̃ɡɨ/ | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡe/ |
| Love | dashuri /daʃuɾi/ | dashuri /daʃuɾi/ | dashni /daʃˈni/ | ammore /amˈmorə/ | amor /ɐˈmoɾ/ | amuri /aˈmuri/ | amor /aˈmoɾ/ |
| Tree | lis /lis/ | pemë /pɛmə/ | dru /dɾu/ | àrvero /ˈarvərə/ | árvore /ˈaɾvuɾɨ/ | àrbulu /ˈarbulu/ | árbore /ˈaɾβoɾe/ |
| Dog | qeni /cɛni/ | qen /cɛn/ | qen /cen/ | cane /ˈkanə/ | cão /kɐ̃w/ | cani /ˈkani/ | can /kaŋ/ |
| Cat | macja /matsja/ | mace /matsɛ/ | mace /ˈmatsɛ/ | jatto /ˈjattə/ | gato /ɡatu/ | jattu /ˈjattu/ | gato /ˈɡato/ |
| Fish | pishk /piʃk/ | peshk /peʃk/ | peshk /peʃk/ | pesce /ˈpeʃʃə/ | peixe /ˈpajʃɨ/ | pisci /ˈpiʃi/ | peixe /ˈpejʃe/ |
| Bird | zog /zɔɡ/ | zog /zɔɡ/ | zog /zɔɡ/ | auciello /auˈtʃiɛllə/ | pássaro /ˈpasɐɾu/ | aceddu /aˈtʃɛɖːu/ | paxaro /ˈpaʃaɾo/ |
| Egg | ve /ve/ | vezë /ˈvɛzə/ | vo /vo/ | uovo /ˈuːovə/ | ovo /ˈovu/ | ovu /ˈɔvu/ | ovo /ˈɔβo/ |
| Horse | kalë /ˈkalə/ | kalë /ˈkalə/ | kal /kal/ | cavallo /kaˈvallə/ | cavalo /kɐˈvalu/ | cavaddu /kaˈvaɖːu/ | cabalo /kaˈβalo/ |
| House | shpi /ʃpi/ | shtëpi /ʃtəpi/ | shpi /ʃpi/ | casa /ˈkasə/ | casa /ˈkazɐ/ | casa /ˈkasa/ | casa /ˈkasa/ |
| Milk | klëmsh /kləmʃ/ | qumësht /ˈcuməʃt/ | tâmbël /ˈtambəl/ | latte /ˈlattə/ | leite /ˈlejtɨ/ | latti /ˈlatti/ | leite /ˈlejte/ |
| Honey | mjaltë /ˈmjaltə/ | mjaltë /ˈmjaltə/ | mjaltë /mjalt/ | mèle /ˈmɛːlə/ | mel /mɛl/ | meli /ˈmɛli/ | mel /mɛl/ |
| Salt | krip /krip/ | kripë /ˈkripə/ | krypë /kryp/ | sale /ˈsalə/ | sal /saɫ/ | sali /ˈsali/ | sal /sal/ |
| Wine | verë /ˈvɛɾə/ | verë /ˈvɛɾə/ | venë /vɛːn/ | vino /ˈvinə/ | vinho /ˈviɲu/ | vinu /ˈvinu/ | viño /ˈbiɲo/ |
| Iron | hekur /ˈhɛkuɾ/ | hekur /ˈhɛkuɾ/ | hekur /ˈhɛkuɾ/ | fierro /ˈfjɛrrə/ | ferro /ˈfɛʁu/ | ferru /ˈfɛrru/ | ferro /ˈfɛro/ |
| Book | libër /ˈlibəɾ/ | libër /ˈlibəɾ/ | libër /ˈlibəɾ/ | libbro /ˈlibbərə/ | livro /ˈlivɾu/ | libbru /ˈlibbru/ | libro /ˈliβɾo/ |
| Eat | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | me ngranë /me ŋɾaːn/ | mangià /manˈdʒa/ | comer /kuˈmeɾ/ | manciari /manˈtʃari/ | comer /koˈmeɾ/ |
| Drink | pi /pi/ | pi /pi/ | me pi /me pi/ | vevere /ˈvevərə/ | beber /bɨˈbeɾ/ | vìviri /ˈviviri/ | beber /beˈβeɾ/ |
| Sleep | fjë /fjə/ | fle /flɛ/ | fle /fle/ | durmì /durˈmiː/ | dormir /duɾˈmiɾ/ | dòrmiri /ˈdɔrmɪrɪ/ | durmir /duɾˈmiɾ/ |
| One | një /ɲə/ | një /ɲə/ | nji /ɲi/ | uno /ˈunə/ | um /ũ/ | unu /ˈunu/ | un /uŋ/ |
| Two | di /di/ | dy /dy/ | dy /dy/ | duje /ˈduːjə/ | dois /dojʃ/ | dui /ˈduɪ/ | dous /dows/ |
| Three | tre /tɾe/ | tre /tɾe/ | tre /tɾe/ | tre /trɛ/ | três /tɾeʃ/ | tri /tri/ | tres /tɾes/ |
| Four | katër /ˈkatər/ | katër /ˈkatəɾ/ | katër /ˈkatər/ | quatto /ˈkwattə/ | quatro /ˈkwatɾu/ | quattru /ˈkwattru/ | catro /ˈkatɾo/ |
| Five | pesë /ˈpɛsə/ | pesë /ˈpɛsə/ | pesë /peːs/ | cinche /ˈtʃiŋkə/ | cinco /ˈsĩku/ | cincu /ˈtʃiŋku/ | cinco /ˈθiŋko/ |
| Hundred | njëqind /ɲəˈcind/ | qind /cind/ | njiqind /ɲiˈcind/ | ciento /ˈtʃjentə/ | cem /sẽj̃/ | centu /ˈtʃɛntu/ | cen /θeŋ/ |
| Hello | falem /ˈfalɛm/ | përshëndetje /pəɾʃəndɛtjɛ/ | tungjatjeta /tunɟatˈjeta/ | uè /wɛ/ | olá /ɔˈla/ | salutamu /salutamu/ | ola /ˈɔla/ |
| Thank you | faleminderit /falɛmindɛɾit/ | faleminderit /falɛmindɛɾit/ | faleminderit /falɛmindɛˈɾit/ | grazie /ˈɡratsjə/ | obrigado /obɾiˈɡadu/ | grazii /ˈɡrattsii/ | grazas /ˈɡɾaθas/ |
| Good | mirë /miɾə/ | mirë /miɾə/ | mirë /miːɾ/ | buono /ˈbwɔnə/ | bom /bõ/ | bonu /ˈbɔnu/ | bo /bɔ/ |
| New | i ri /i ɾi/ | i ri /i ˈɾi/ | i ri /i ɾi/ | nuovo /ˈnwɔvə/ | novo /ˈnovu/ | novu /ˈnɔvu/ | novo /ˈnɔβo/ |
| Red | kuq /kuc/ | kuq /kuc/ | kuq /kuc/ | russo /ˈrussə/ | vermelho /vɨɾˈmɐʎu/ | russu /ˈrussu/ | vermello /beɾˈmeʎo/ |
| White | i bardhë /i ˈbaɾðə/ | i bardhë /i ˈbaɾðə/ | i bardhë /i barð/ | janco /ˈjaŋkə/ | branco /ˈbɾɐ̃ku/ | biancu /ˈbjaŋku/ | branco /ˈbɾaŋko/ |
| Black | i zi /i zi/ | i zi /i ˈzi/ | i zi /i zi/ | niro /ˈnirə/ | preto /ˈpɾetu/ | nìuru /ˈniuru/ | negro /ˈneɣɾo/ |
| Green | i virdhë /i viɾðə/ | jeshil /jɛˈʃil/ | jeshil /jeˈʃil/ | verde /ˈverdə/ | verde /ˈveɾðɨ/ | virdi /ˈvɪrdɪ/ | verde /ˈbeɾðe/ |
| Cuckoo | qyqe /ˈcyce/ | qyqe /ˈcycɛ/ | qyqe /ˈcyce/ | cucù /kuˈku/ | cuco /ˈkuku/ | cuccu /ˈkukku/ | cuco /ˈkuko/ |
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