𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌝
Accadico
Afroasiatica (Semitica, Est) · varietà storica / nascosta
L’accadico (𒅖 lišānum akkadītum) fu per due millenni la lingua veicolare del Vicino Oriente antico (circa 2500 a.C. - 100 d.C.): lingua dell’impero accadico sotto Sargon (verso il 2334 a.C.), dell’impero babilonese con il Codice di Hammurabi (verso il 1754 a.C.) e dell’impero assiro. Registrato nella scrittura cuneiforme presa in prestito dal sumerico, conserva vastissimi corpora giuridici, annali regi, trattati scientifici — matematica, astronomia, medicina — e opere letterarie, fra cui l’Epopea di Gilgameš nella recensione babilonese standard (verso il 1200 a.C.). Comprende i dialetti babilonese e assiro. Lingua semitica orientale, è l’unico membro ben attestato di quel ramo: tutte le altre grandi lingue semitiche — arabo, ebraico, aramaico, ge’ez — appartengono al semitico occidentale.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in accadico
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Afroasiatica (Semitica, Est)
| Significato | Accadico | Ugaritico | Fenicio | Punico | Aramaico antico | Mandeo | Proto-semitico |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | 𒀀 /muː/ | 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ | 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ | 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ | מין /majin/ | ࡌࡉࡀ /mia/ | *māʔ- /māʔ/ |
| Fuoco | 𒉈𒌋 /iʃaːtu/ | 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ | נור /nuːr/ | ࡍࡅࡓࡀ /nura/ | *ʔiš- /ʔiš/ |
| Sole | 𒀭𒌓 /ʃamʃu/ | 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ | 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ | 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃamʃ/ | שמש /ʃamʃ/ | ࡔࡀࡌࡔࡀ /ʃamʃa/ | *šamš- /šamš/ |
| Luna | 𒌗 /warχu/ | 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ | 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaraħ/ | 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jiraħ/ | שהר /sahr/ | ࡎࡉࡓࡀ /sira/ | *warḫ- /warḫ/ |
| Stella | 𒀯 /kakːabu/ | 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/ | 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ | 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ | כוכב /kawkab/ | ࡊࡅࡊࡁࡀ /ˈkukba/ | *kawkab- /kawkab/ |
| Notte | 𒈬𒋗 /muːʃu/ | 𐎍𐎍 /lajlu/ | 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ | 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ | לליא /leːljaː/ | ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ /lilja/ | *layl- /lajl/ |
| Pioggia | 𒍪𒌦𒉡 /ˈzunnu/ | 𐎎𐎉𐎗 /maːˈtˤaru/ | 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ | 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ | 𐡌𐡈𐡓 /maːtˤar/ | — | *maṭar- /maṭar/ |
| Neve | 𒊭𒀠𒄖 /ʃalɡu/ | 𐎂𐎍𐎘 /ɡalθu/ | — | — | 𐡕𐡋𐡂 /talɡ/ | ࡕࡀࡋࡂࡀ /talɡa/ | *ṯalg- /θalɡ/ |
| Vento | 𒊭𒀀𒊒 /ʃaːru/ | 𐎗𐎈 /riːħu/ | 𐤓𐤇 /riːħ/ | 𐤓𐤅𐤇 /ruːħ/ | 𐡓𐡅𐡇 /riːħ/ | — | *rīḥ- /riːħ/ |
| Terra | 𒅕𒍢𒌅 /ˈersˤetu/ | 𐎀𐎗𐎕 /ʔarsˤu/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤑 /ʔarsˤ/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤑 /ʔarsˤ/ | 𐡀𐡓𐡒 /ʔarq/ | ࡀࡓࡒࡀ /arqa/ | *ʔarṣ̂- /ʔarsˤ/ |
| Pietra | 𒀊𒉡 /abnu/ | 𐎀𐎁𐎐 /ʔabnu/ | 𐤀𐤁𐤍 /ʔaben/ | 𐤀𐤁𐤍 /ʔaben/ | אבן /ʔaben/ | ࡂࡋࡀࡋࡀ /ɡlala/ | *ʔabn- /ʔabn/ |
| Montagna | 𒆳 /ʃaduː/ | 𐎅𐎗 /harru/ | 𐤄𐤓 /har/ | — | — | ࡈࡅࡓࡀ /tˤura/ | — |
| Mare | 𒀀𒀊𒁀 /tiaːmtu/ | 𐎊𐎎 /jammu/ | 𐤉𐤌 /jamm/ | — | — | — | *tihām- /tihaːm/ |
| Madre | 𒌝𒈬 /umːu/ | 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ | 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ | 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ | אמ /ʔem/ | ࡀࡌࡀ /ama/ | *ʔimm- /ʔimm/ |
| Padre | 𒀊 /abu/ | 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ | 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ | 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ | אב /ʔab/ | ࡀࡁࡀ /aba/ | *ʔab- /ʔab/ |
| Figlia | 𒈥𒌅 /maːrtu/ | 𐎁𐎚 /bittu/ | 𐤁𐤕 /bat/ | 𐤁𐤕 /bat/ | ברת /bart/ | ࡁࡓࡀࡕࡀ /brata/ | *bint- /bint/ |
| Io | 𒀀𒈾𒆪 /anaːku/ | 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ | אנה /ʔanaː/ | ࡀࡍࡀ /ˈana/ | *ʔanāku /ʔanāku/ |
| Tu | 𒀜𒋫 /atːa/ | 𐎀𐎚 /ʔatta/ | 𐤀𐤕 /ʔatta/ | 𐤀𐤕 /ʔatta/ | אנת /ʔantaː/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡕ /at/ | *ʔanta /ʔanta/ |
| Noi | 𒉌𒉡 /niːnu/ | — /—/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 /ʔanaħnu/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 /ʔanaħnu/ | אנחנא /ʔanaħnaː/ | ࡀࡍࡉࡍ /ˈanin/ | *niḥnu /niħnu/ |
| Nome | 𒈬 /ʃumu/ | 𐎌𐎎 /ʃumu/ | 𐤔𐤌 /ʃem/ | 𐤔𐤌 /ʃim/ | שם /ʃum/ | ࡔࡅࡌࡀ /ˈʃuma/ | *šim- /šim/ |
| Persona | 𒀀𒉿𒈝 /awiːlu/ | 𐎎𐎚 /mutu/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadam/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔiːʃ/ | אנש /ʔenaːʃ/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ /anaʃa/ | *ʔināš- /ʔinaːʃ/ |
| Testa | 𒊕𒆕 /qaqːadu/ | 𐎗𐎛𐎌 /raʔʃu/ | 𐤓𐤀𐤔 /ruːʃ/ | 𐤓𐤀𐤔 /ruːʃ/ | — | ࡓࡉࡔ /riʃ/ | *raʔš- /raʔš/ |
| Occhio | 𒅆 /iːnu/ | 𐎓𐎐 /ʕajnu/ | 𐤏𐤍 /ʕajin/ | 𐤏𐤍 /ʕajin/ | עין /ʕajn/ | ࡏࡉࡍࡀ /ʔina/ | *ʕayn- /ʕayn/ |
| Orecchio | 𒍑𒉡 /ˈuznu/ | 𐎜𐎄𐎐 /ʔudn/ | 𐤀𐤆𐤍 /ʔuzn/ | 𐤀𐤆𐤍 /ʔuzn/ | 𐡀𐡃𐡍𐡀 /ʔuðnaː/ | ࡏࡅࡃࡍࡀ /odna/ | *ʔuḏn- /ʔuðn/ |
| Naso | 𒀊𒁍 /appu/ | 𐎀𐎔 /ʔappu/ | — | — | אפא /ʔappaː/ | ࡍࡄࡉࡓࡀ /nhira/ | *ʔanp- /ʔanp/ |
| Bocca | 𒅗 /puː/ | 𐎔 /puː/ | 𐤐 /peː/ | 𐤐 /peː/ | פם /pum/ | ࡐࡅࡌࡀ /puma/ | *pay- /paj/ |
| Dente | 𒅆𒅔𒉡 /ʃinːu/ | 𐎌𐎐 /ʃinːu/ | 𐤔𐤍 /ʃen/ | 𐤔𐤍 /ʃen/ | שנא /ʃenːaː/ | ࡔࡉࡍࡀ /ʃinːa/ | *šinn- /ʃinː/ |
| Lingua | 𒇷𒊭𒉡 /liʃaːnu/ | 𐎍𐎌𐎐 /laʃaːnu/ | 𐤋𐤔𐤍 /laʃon/ | 𐤋𐤔𐤍 /laʃon/ | לשנא /liʃːaːnaː/ | ࡋࡉࡔࡀࡍࡀ /liʃana/ | *lišān- /liʃaːn/ |
| Mano | 𒋗 /qaːtu/ | 𐎊𐎄 /jadu/ | 𐤉𐤃 /jad/ | 𐤉𐤃 /jad/ | יד /jad/ | ࡏࡃࡀ /ʔida/ | *yad- /yad/ |
| Piede | 𒄊 /ʃeːpu/ | 𐎔𐎓𐎐 /paʕnu/ | 𐤐𐤏𐤌 /paʕam/ | 𐤐𐤏𐤌 /paʕam/ | רגל /reɡel/ | ࡋࡉࡂࡓࡀ /liɡra/ | *rigl- /rigl/ |
| Cuore | 𒇷𒅁 /libːu/ | 𐎍𐎁 /libbu/ | 𐤋𐤁 /lib/ | 𐤋𐤁 /lib/ | לב /leb/ | ࡋࡉࡁࡀ /liba/ | *libb- /libb/ |
| Osso | 𒂊𒍢𒅎𒌅 /esˤemtu/ | 𐎓𐎑𐎎 /ʕaðˤmu/ | 𐤏𐤑𐤌 /ʕasˤm/ | 𐤏𐤑𐤌 /ʕasˤm/ | גרמא /ɡarmaː/ | ࡂࡉࡓࡌࡀ /ɡerma/ | *ʕaṯ̣m- /ʕaθˤm/ |
| Sangue | 𒁕𒈬 /daːmu/ | 𐎄𐎎 /damu/ | 𐤃𐤌 /dam/ | 𐤃𐤌 /dom/ | דמא /dmaː/ | ࡆࡌࡀ /zma/ | *dam- /dam/ |
| Cacca | 𒍪𒌑 /zuː/ | 𐎃𐎗𐎜 /χurʔu/ | — | — | — | — | *ḫaraʔ- /haraʔ/ |
| Amore | 𒊏𒄠 /raːmu/ | 𐎜𐎈𐎁 /ʔaːhab/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | רחם /raħem/ | ࡓࡅࡄࡌࡀ /ruhma/ | — /—/ |
| Albero | 𒄑 /isˤu/ | 𐎓𐎕 /ʕasˤu/ | 𐤏𐤑 /ʕesˤ/ | 𐤏𐤑 /ʕisˤ/ | עץ /ʕeːsˤ/ | ࡏࡋࡀࡍࡀ /ilana/ | *ʕiṣ́- /ʕiṣ́/ |
| Cane | 𒌨𒁇 /kalbu/ | 𐎋𐎍𐎁 /kalbu/ | 𐤊𐤋𐤁 /kalb/ | 𐤊𐤋𐤁 /kalb/ | כלב /kalb/ | ࡊࡀࡋࡁࡀ /kalba/ | *kalb- /kalb/ |
| Gatto | 𒋗𒊏𒉡 /ʃuraːnu/ | — /—/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤓 /ʃunaːr/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ࡔࡅࡍࡀࡓࡀ /ʃunara/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | 𒄩 /nuːnu/ | 𐎄𐎂 /daɡu/ | 𐤃𐤂 /daɡ/ | 𐤃𐤂 /daɡ/ | נונא /nuːnaː/ | ࡍࡅࡍࡀ /nuna/ | *nūn- /nuːn/ |
| Uccello | 𒅖𒍪𒊒 /isˤsˤuːru/ | 𐎓𐎕𐎗 /ʕusˤsˤuːru/ | — | 𐤑𐤐𐤓 /sˤippor/ | צפר /sˤippar/ | ࡑࡉࡐࡓࡀ /sipra/ | *ʕuṣṣūr- /ʕuṣṣūr/ |
| Uovo | 𒉭 /peːlu/ | — | — | — | ביעתא /beːʕtaː/ | — | *bayṣ́at- /bayṣ́at/ |
| Orso | 𒊍 /asu/ | 𐎄𐎁 /dubbu/ | — | — | דבא /dubbaː/ | — | *dubb- /dubb/ |
| Cavallo | 𒀲𒆳𒊏 /sisuː/ | 𐎝𐎝𐎆 /suːsawu/ | 𐤎𐤎 /suːs/ | — | — | — | — |
| Casa | 𒂍 /biːtu/ | 𐎁𐎚 /bajtu/ | 𐤁𐤕 /beːt/ | 𐤁𐤕 /beːt/ | בית /beːt/ | ࡁࡉࡕࡀ /bita/ | *bayt- /bayt/ |
| Latte | 𒅆𒅖𒁍 /ʃizbu/ | 𐎈𐎍𐎁 /ħalabu/ | 𐤇𐤋𐤁 /ħalab/ | 𐤇𐤋𐤁 /ħaliːb/ | — | — | *ḥalab- /ħalab/ |
| Miele | 𒁲𒅖𒁍 /diʃpu/ | 𐎐𐎁𐎚 /nubtu/ | — | 𐤍𐤐𐤕 /nofet/ | דבשא /debʃaː/ | — | *dibš- /dibʃ/ |
| Sale | 𒋰𒌅 /tˤaːbtu/ | 𐎎𐎍𐎈𐎚 /milħatu/ | — | — | מלח /melaħ/ | ࡌࡉࡄࡋࡀ /mihla/ | *milḥ- /milħ/ |
| Vino | 𒅗𒊏𒉡 /karaːnu/ | 𐎊𐎐 /jenu/ | 𐤉𐤍 /jeːn/ | 𐤉𐤍 /jeːn/ | חמרא /ħamraː/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡓࡀ /hamra/ | *wayn- /wajn/ |
| Ferro | 𒁇𒍣𒅋𒇻 /parzillu/ | 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 /barðilu/ | 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 /barzel/ | 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 /barzel/ | פרזל /parzel/ | ࡐࡀࡓࡆࡋࡀ /parzla/ | — |
| Ruota | 𒈠𒃻𒊒 /maɡarru/ | 𐎀𐎔𐎐 /ʔaːpanu/ | 𐤂𐤋𐤂𐤋 /ɡalɡal/ | — | גלגל /ɡalɡal/ | — | — |
| Mangiare | 𒀀𒅗𒇻 /akaːlu/ | 𐎍𐎈𐎎 /laħam/ | 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ | 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ | אכל /ʔakal/ | ࡀࡊࡀࡋ /akal/ | *ʔakal- /ʔakal/ |
| Bere | 𒊮𒌅 /ʃatuː/ | 𐎌𐎚𐎊 /ʃataju/ | 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ | 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ | שתה /ʃataː/ | ࡔࡕࡀ /ʃta/ | *šatay- /šatay/ |
| Dormire | 𒍝𒆷𒇻 /sˤalaːlu/ | 𐎊𐎌𐎐 /jaʃin/ | — | — | דמך /damek/ | ࡃࡌࡀࡊ /dmak/ | — |
| Uno | 𒁹 /iʃteːn/ | 𐎀𐎈𐎄 /ʔaːħadu/ | 𐤀𐤇𐤃 /ʔeħad/ | 𐤀𐤇𐤃 /ʔeħad/ | חד /ħad/ | ࡄࡀࡃ /had/ | *ʔaḥad- /ʔaḥad/ |
| Due | 𒈫 /ʃina/ | 𐎘𐎐 /θnaː/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤌 /ʃnem/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤌 /ʃnem/ | תרין /treːn/ | ࡕࡓࡉࡍ /tren/ | *ṯin- /ṯin/ |
| Tre | 𒐈 /ʃalaːʃ/ | 𐎘𐎍𐎘 /θalaːθu/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤔 /ʃaloʃ/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤔 /ʃaloːʃ/ | תלת /tlaːt/ | ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ /tlata/ | *ṯalāṯ- /θalaːθ/ |
| Quattro | 𒐉 /erbe/ | 𐎀𐎗𐎁𐎓 /ʔarbaʕu/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏 /ʔarbaʕ/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏 /ʔarbaʕ/ | ארבע /ʔarbaʕ/ | ࡀࡓࡁࡀ /arba/ | *ʼarbaʻ- /ʔarbaʕ/ |
| Cinque | 𒄩𒈩 /χamiʃ/ | 𐎃𐎎𐎌 /χamʃu/ | 𐤇𐤌𐤔 /ħameʃ/ | 𐤇𐤌𐤔 /ħameʃ/ | חמש /ħamːeʃ/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡔࡀ /hamʃa/ | *ḫamš- /χamʃ/ |
| Cento | 𒈨𒀜 /meʔat/ | 𐎎𐎛𐎚 /miʔatu/ | 𐤌𐤀𐤕 /miʔat/ | 𐤌𐤀𐤕 /miʔat/ | מאה /maː/ | — | *miʾat- /miʔat/ |
| Ciao | 𒁲 /ʃulmu/ | 𐎌𐎍𐎎 /ʃalaːmu/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤌 /ʃalom/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤌 /ʃaloːm/ | שלם /ʃəlaːm/ | ࡔࡋࡀࡌࡀ /ʃlama/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | 𒁲𒌅 /taʃlimtu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡅࡕࡀ /ʈabuta/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | 𒄭𒄀 /damqu/ | 𐎉𐎁 /tˤaːbu/ | 𐤈𐤁 /tˤob/ | 𐤈𐤁 /tˤob/ | טב /tˤab/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡀ /tˤaba/ | *ṭāb- /ṭāb/ |
| Nuovo | 𒉋 /eʃːu/ | 𐎈𐎄𐎘 /ħadaːθu/ | — | 𐤇𐤃𐤔 /ħadaʃ/ | — | — | *ḥad(i)ṯ- /ħadiθ/ |
| Rosso | 𒊓𒀀𒈬 /saːmu/ | 𐎀𐎄𐎎 /ʔadam/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadom/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadom/ | סמק /summaːq/ | ࡎࡅࡌࡒࡀ /sumqa/ | *ʔadam- /ʔadam/ |
| Bianco | 𒌓 /pesˤuː/ | 𐎍𐎁𐎐 /laban/ | 𐤋𐤁𐤍 /laban/ | 𐤋𐤁𐤍 /laban/ | חור /ħewːaːr/ | ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡀ /hiwara/ | *laban- /laban/ |
| Nero | 𒍝𒀠𒈬 /sˤalmu/ | — | — | — | — | ࡊࡅࡌࡀ /kuma/ | — |
| Verde | 𒅊 /warqu/ | — | — | — | ירק /jraːq/ | — | *waraḳ- /waraq/ |
| Sushi | 𒅆𒅅𒄣 /ʃiqːu/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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