Kmhmu'
Khmu
Austroasiatica (Mon-khmer, Khmuic)
Il khmu (ISO 639-3: kjg), scritto anche kmhmu o kammu, è una lingua khmuica della famiglia austroasiatica, parlata da circa 700.000 persone soprattutto nel Laos settentrionale e nelle aree vicine di Vietnam, Thailandia e Cina meridionale. Forma un vasto continuum dialettale privo di un’unica varietà standard. I dialetti orientali conservano l’opposizione fra consonanti iniziali sonore, sorde e aspirate, mentre molti dialetti occidentali hanno sostituito l’antica sonorità con registri chiaro e soffiato o con toni, rendendo il khmu importante negli studi sulla tonogenesi. Il khmu è fortemente isolante, privo di morfologia flessiva e con ordine di base SVO, mentre la derivazione e le costruzioni verbali seriali rimangono produttive. Si scrive in diverse ortografie lao, thai e a base latina, il cui uso varia secondo il paese e la comunità.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in khmu
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austroasiatica (Mon-khmer, Khmuic)
| Significato | Khmu | Proto-austroasiatico | Mlabri | Wa | Proto-vietico | Mường | Lingua wa parauk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | ʔom /ʔom/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | wək /wək/ | rawm /rɔm/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | đác /ɗaːk/ | rom /rɔm/ |
| Fuoco | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | ʔulh /ʔulh/ | ngu /ŋu/ | *-laːs /-laːs/ | cúi /kuj/ | ngū /ŋṳ/ |
| Sole | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | ʔak ʒoŋ /ʔak ʒoŋ/ | singaix /siŋaiʔ/ | — /—/ | măt tlời /mat tləːj/ | si ngāix /siŋa̤iʔ/ |
| Luna | moŋ /moŋ/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | kiʔ /kiʔ/ | khix /kʰiʔ/ | *b-laŋ /b-laŋ/ | tlăng /tlaŋ/ | kix /kʰiʔ/ |
| Stella | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | sam mon /sam mon/ | simuing /simʔuɲ/ | *k-raːw /k-raːw/ | khao /kʰaːw/ | sim uing /sim ʔuɲ/ |
| Notte | psɨəm /psɨəm/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | ni lɛk /ni lɛk/ | ponsawm /ponsɔm/ | *teːm /teːm/ | hôm /hom/ | som /sɔm/ |
| Pioggia | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | mɛʔ /mɛʔ/ | lhiex /l̥ɛʔ/ | *k-maː /k-maː/ | mưa /mɨə/ | hliex /lʰɛʔ/ |
| Vento | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | ra mɨt /ra mɨt/ | bhaung /bʰaɯŋ/ | — | xỏ /sɔ/ | npaeng /bʰaɯŋ/ |
| Terra | pteʔ /pteʔ/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | bɛʔ /bɛʔ/ | tiex /tɛʔ/ | *tət /tət/ | tất /tət/ | diex /tɛʔ/ |
| Pietra | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | gɛp /ɡɛp/ | simaox /simauʔ/ | — | khũ /kʰu/ | si māox /sima̤uʔ/ |
| Montagna | mok /mok/ | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | ʒa bo /ʒa bo/ | gawng /ɡɔŋ/ | — | tồl /tol/ | mgōng /ɡɔ̤ŋ/ |
| Madre | maʔ /maʔ/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | mɤʔ /mɤʔ/ | miex /mɛʔ/ | *meːʔ /meːʔ/ | mệ /meː/ | mīex /mɛ̤ʔ/ |
| Padre | joŋ /joŋ/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | mɤm /mɤm/ | keeing /kɯɲ/ | *bɔːʔ /bɔːʔ/ | pổ /po/ | geeing /kɯɲ/ |
| Io | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | ʔo /ʔo/ | aux /ʔaɯʔ/ | *soː /soː/ | ho /hɔ/ | aex /ʔaɯʔ/ |
| Tu | meʔ /meʔ/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | mɛ /mɛ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | *miː /miː/ | mầy /məj/ | maix /maiʔ/ |
| Noi | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ | *hiːʔ /hiːʔ/ | ʔa thəŋ /ʔa tʰəŋ/ | ix /ʔiʔ/ | — /—/ | chúng tôi /cuŋ toj/ | eix / ix /ʔeʔ / ʔiʔ/ |
| Nome | sŋməh /sŋməh/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | bɨr ʔi /bɨr ʔi/ | ceu kaux /tɕɤ kaɯʔ/ | — /—/ | tên /ten/ | jē gaex /tɕɤ̤ kaɯʔ/ |
| Persona | gon /ɡon/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | mla /mla/ | pui /pui/ | *ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | mõl /mɔl/ | būi /pṳi/ |
| Testa | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | glə /ɡlə/ | kaing: /kaɲ/ | *k-loːk /k-loːk/ | tlốc /tlok/ | gaing /kaɲ/ |
| Occhio | mat /mat/ | *mat /mat/ | mat /mat/ | ngai /ŋai/ | *mat /mat/ | măt /mat/ | ngai /ŋai/ |
| Orecchio | rəməj /rəməj/ | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | ket /ket/ | yhaok /j̊auk/ | *saːj /saːj/ | thai /tʰaːj/ | hyaog /ʑʰauk/ |
| Naso | muh /muh/ | *muh /muh/ | mɔh /mɔh/ | meeih /mɯih/ | *muːs /muːs/ | mũi /muj/ | mēeih /mɯ̤ih/ |
| Bocca | tənɔh /tənɔh/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | səm bɛp /səm bɛp/ | jheeh /dʑʰɯih/ | *mɛːŋʔ /mɛːŋʔ/ | mồm /mom/ | nqeeih /dʑʰɯih/ |
| Dente | hraŋ /hraŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | ʒən /ʒən/ | rhang /r̥aŋ/ | *k-saŋ /k-saŋ/ | thăng /tʰaŋ/ | hrang /rʰaŋ/ |
| Lingua | həntak /həntak/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | rɨt lat /rɨt lat/ | dak /dak/ | *laːs /laːs/ | lãi /laːj/ | ndag /dak/ |
| Mano | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | taix /taiʔ/ | *siː /siː/ | thay /tʰaːi/ | daix /taiʔ/ |
| Piede | krwɛh /krwɛh/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | ʒəŋ /ʒəŋ/ | caong /tʃaɔŋ/ | *ciɲ /ciɲ/ | chân /cən/ | jāong /tɕa̤uŋ/ |
| Cuore | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | kluʔ klol /kluʔ klol/ | rhawm /r̥ɔm/ | — /—/ | nỏ /nɔ/ | hrom /rʰɔm/ |
| Osso | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | ca ʔɛŋ /ca ʔɛŋ/ | si-ang /siʔaŋ/ | *ɟaːŋ /ɟaːŋ/ | xiêng /siəŋ/ | si ang /siʔaŋ/ |
| Sangue | maːm /maːm/ | *mham /mham/ | mhang /mhaŋ/ | nham /n̥am/ | *t-muːʔ /t-muːʔ/ | mảu /maw/ | hnam /nʰam/ |
| Amore | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ | — /—/ | hlah /hlah/ | moh /moh/ | — /—/ | thương /tʰɨəŋ/ | mōuh /mo̤h/ |
| Albero | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | lam /lam/ | khaox /kʰauʔ/ | *gəl /gəl/ | câl /kəl/ | kaox /kʰauʔ/ |
| Cane | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | braɲ /braɲ/ | sox /soʔ/ | *ʔa-cɔːʔ /ʔa-cɔːʔ/ | chỏ /cɔ/ | soux /soʔ/ |
| Gatto | mɛːw /mɛːw/ | — /—/ | mɛɛw /mɛːw/ | miao: /miau/ | — /—/ | mèo /mɛw/ | miao /miau/ |
| Pesce | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | kaʔ /kaʔ/ | kax /kaʔ/ | *ʔa-kaːʔ /ʔa-kaːʔ/ | cả /kaː/ | gax /kaʔ/ |
| Uccello | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | ʔat /ʔat/ | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | chim /cim/ | sim /sim/ |
| Farfalla | tlaːmpaːm /tlaːmpaːm/ | — | rɨp phɛp /rɨp pʰɛp/ | pung piang /puŋ piaŋ/ | — | pươm pưởm /pɨəm pɨəm/ | būng bīang /pṳŋ pi̤aŋ/ |
| Uovo | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ | *ktam /ktam/ | khaj /kʰaj/ | tawm ia /tɔm ʔia/ | *k-ləːŋʔ /k-ləːŋʔ/ | tlởng /tləːŋ/ | dom /tɔm/ |
| Orso | huəl /huəl/ | — | biɯk /biɯk/ | krih /krih/ | *c-guːʔ /c-guːʔ/ | củ /kuː/ | grih /krih/ |
| Casa | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | gɛɛŋ /ɡɛːŋ/ | nyiex /ɲiɛʔ/ | *ɲaː /ɲaː/ | nhà /ɲaː/ | nyīex /ɲi̤ɛʔ/ |
| Sale | hmaar /hmaːr/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | chuʌk /tʃuʌk/ | kih /kih/ | *ɓɔːjʔ /ɓɔːjʔ/ | bỏi /ɓɔːj/ | gīh /ki̤h/ |
| Riso | ʰŋɔʔ /ʰŋɔʔ/ | *rŋkoːʔ /rŋkoːʔ/ | juuk /juːk/ | gaox /ɡauʔ/ | — | — | mgaox /ɡauʔ/ |
| Ferro | cndroh /cndroh/ | — | hlek /hlek/ | lhek /l̥ek/ | — | khách /kʰac/ | hleig /lʰek/ |
| Libro | pɨːm /pɨːm/ | — | naŋ sɨ /naŋ sɨ/ | phuk lai /pʰuk lai/ | — | chẩy /cəj/ | pug lāi /pʰuk la̤i/ |
| Mangiare | mah /mah/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | ʔə /ʔə/ | ih /ʔih/ | *ʔan /ʔan/ | ăn /an/ | ih /ʔih/ |
| Bere | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | wək /wək/ | nyaux /ɲaɯʔ/ | *ʔɔːŋʔ /ʔɔːŋʔ/ | ỏng /ɔŋ/ | nyāex /ɲa̤ɯʔ/ |
| Dormire | sih /sih/ | *ɓic /ɓic/ | nɔn /nɔn/ | it /ʔit/ | — | táy /taj/ | id /ʔit/ |
| Uno | moj /moj/ | *muːj /muːj/ | mɔj /mɔj/ | tix /tiʔ/ | *moːc /moːc/ | mộch /moːtʃ/ | dīx /ti̤ʔ/ |
| Due | baar /baːr/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | bɛr /bɛr/ | ra /ra/ | *haːr /haːr/ | hal /haːl/ | ra /ra/ |
| Tre | peʼ /peʔ/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | pɛʔ /pɛʔ/ | loe /lɤ/ | *paː /paː/ | pa /paː/ | loui /loi/ |
| Quattro | pon /pon/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | pon /pon/ | pon /pon/ | *poːnʔ /poːnʔ/ | pổn /pon/ | boun /pon/ |
| Ciao | lɔh /lɔh/ | — /—/ | hahɔ /hahɔ/ | nawp nawm /nɔp nɔm/ | — /—/ | đám rộ /ɗaːm roː/ | nob nom /nɔp nɔm/ |
| Grazie | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ | — /—/ | knɔŋ /knɔŋ/ | bwanson /buan son/ | — /—/ | cám ơn /kaːm ɤn/ | nbuan soun /buan son/ |
| Buono | ləʔ /ləʔ/ | — /—/ | pja kle /pja kle/ | mhawm /m̥ɔm/ | — /—/ | thốch /tʰoc/ | hmom /mʰɔm/ |
| Nuovo | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | hmɛʔ /hmɛʔ/ | khraox /kʰrauʔ/ | *ɓəːjʔ /ɓəːjʔ/ | mởi /məːj/ | kraox /kʰrauʔ/ |
| Rosso | jim /jim/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | lɛŋ /lɛŋ/ | raoh /rauh/ | *tɔh /tɔh/ | tó /tɔ/ | raoh /rauh/ |
| Bianco | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | bəlaak /bəlaːk/ | paing /paɲ/ | *k-laŋʔ /k-laŋʔ/ | tlẳng /tlaŋ/ | bāing /pa̤ɲ/ |
| Nero | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | pha dam /pʰa dam/ | lung /luŋ/ | — | dầm /jəm/ | lūng /lṳŋ/ |
| Verde | siw /siw/ | *kciʔ /kciʔ/ | bɨn liŋ /bɨn liŋ/ | klai /klai/ | — | xenh /sɛɲ/ | glāi /kla̤i/ |
| Blu | siːw /siːw/ | — | si fa /si fa/ | — | — | — | glāi /kla̤i/ |
Pagina 1/8
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