Tupinambá / Nhe'engatú
Tupinambá
Tupi (tupi-guaraní, sottogruppo III) · varietà storica / nascosta
Il tupinambá (tupi antico) era la lingua indigena dominante della costa brasiliana al momento del contatto europeo e la base della Língua Geral gesuitica, che fece da lingua franca coloniale del Brasile fino al XVIII secolo. Tipologicamente tupí-guaraní: agglutinante, a marcatura sulla testa (head-marking), con allineamento attivo-stativo e armonia nasale pervasiva; la sua prima grammatica (Anchieta, 1595) è la più antica descrizione di una qualsiasi lingua sudamericana. Sopravvive lessicalmente in migliaia di prestiti e toponimi del portoghese brasiliano (Ipanema, Paraná, jaguar, piranha).
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in tupinambá
Fonti
- Anchieta, José de (1595) Arte de Grammatica da Lingoa Mais Usada na Costa do Brasil. Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz.
- Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (1998/2013) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos. São Paulo: Global.
- Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna (1981) Estrutura do Tupinambá. In Lenguas Indígenas de America del Sur.
- Barbosa, A. Lemos (1956) Curso de Tupi Antigo. Rio de Janeiro: São José.
- Glottolog: Tupinamba
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Tupi (tupi-guaraní, sottogruppo III)
| Significato | Tupinambá | Nheengatu | Guaraní | Guaraní Mbyá | Lingua xavante | Maguindanao | Greco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | ʼy /ʔɨ/ | ií /iˈʔi/ | y /ɨ/ | y /ɨ/ | â /ə/ | ig /ʔiɡ/ | νερό /neˈɾo/ |
| Fuoco | tatá /taˈta/ | tatá /tata/ | tata /tata/ | tata /taˈta/ | uzâ /uˈzə/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | φωτιά /foˈtʲa/ |
| Sole | kuarasy /kwaɾaˈsɨ/ | kurasi /kuɾasi/ | kuarahy /kwaɾahɨ/ | kuaray /kʷaɾaˈɨ/ | bâdâ /bəˈdə/ | senang /seˈnaŋ/ | ήλιος /ˈiʎos/ |
| Luna | iasy /jaˈsɨ/ | yasi /jasi/ | jasy /dʒasɨ/ | jaxy /ʒaˈʃɨ/ | aʼamo /aʔaˈmɔ/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | φεγγάρι /feˈŋɡaɾi/ |
| Stella | jasytata /jasɨtaˈta/ | yasytatá /jasɨtaˈta/ | mbyja /mbɨˈdʒa/ | jaxy tata /ʒaʃɨ taˈta/ | wasi /waˈsi/ | bitun /biˈtun/ | αστέρι /aˈsteri/ |
| Notte | pytuna /pɨtuna/ | pituna /pituna/ | pyhare /pɨhaɾe/ | pytũ /pɨtũ/ | mara /maɾa/ | magabi /maɡabi/ | νύχτα /ˈnixta/ |
| Pioggia | amana /amaˈna/ | amana /amana/ | ama /ˈama/ | oky /okɨ/ | tã /tã/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | βροχή /vroˈxi/ |
| Neve | amanarypyʼoka /ãmãnaɾɨpɨˈʔɔka/ | — | yrypyʼa veve /ɨɾɨpɨʔa veve/ | yroʼy apĩgue /ɨɾoʔɨ apĩŋɡwe/ | — | — | χιόνι /çoni/ |
| Vento | ybytu /ɨβɨˈtu/ | iwitú /iwiˈtu/ | yvytu /ɨvɨˈtu/ | yvytu /ɨvɨˈtu/ | rowaʼu /ɾɔwaˈʔu/ | endu /ʔənˈdu/ | άνεμος /ˈanemos/ |
| Terra | yby /ɨˈβɨ/ | iwi /iwi/ | yvy /ɨvɨ/ | yvy /ɨˈvɨ/ | tiʼa /tiˈʔa/ | lupa /lupaʔ/ | γη /ʝi/ |
| Pietra | itá /iˈta/ | itá /iˈta/ | ita /iˈtaʔ/ | ita /ita/ | ẽne /ɛ̃ˈne/ | watu /waˈtu/ | πέτρα /ˈpetra/ |
| Mare | paranã /paɾãˈnã/ | paranawasú /paɾanawaˈsu/ | para /paˈɾa/ | yeʼẽ /ɨeˈʔẽ/ | â poré /ə pɔɾɛ/ | lagat /ˈlaɡat/ | θάλασσα /ˈθalasa/ |
| Madre | sy /sɨ/ | manha /ˈmaɲa/ | sy /sɨ/ | xy /ʃɨ/ | dana /daˈna/ | ina /ˈʔina/ | μητέρα /miˈteɾa/ |
| Padre | tuba /ˈtuβa/ | paiá /paja/ | túva /tuva/ | tuu /tuu/ | damama /damaˈma/ | ama /ˈʔama/ | πατέρας /paˈteɾas/ |
| Figlia | tajyra /taˈjɨɾa/ | tayera /tajeˈɾa/ | tajýra /taˈdʒɨɾa/ | tajy /taˈʒɨ/ | daʼra sipiʼõ /daʔɾa sipiʔɔ̃/ | wata babay /wata babaj/ | κόρη /ˈkori/ |
| Io | ixé /iˈʃɛ/ | ixé /iˈʃe/ | che /ʃe/ | xee /ʃeː/ | wa /wa/ | saki /saki/ | εγώ /eˈɣo/ |
| Tu | endé /ẽˈdɛ/ | indé /ĩˈde/ | nde /nde/ | ndee /ndeː/ | a /a/ | seka /səka/ | εσύ /eˈsi/ |
| Noi | îandé / oré /ɲãˈdɛ / oˈɾɛ/ | yandé /jãˈde/ | ñande / ore /ɲãnde / oɾe/ | nhande / ore /ɲãnde / oɾe/ | wa norĩ /wa noɾĩ/ | sekitanu / sekami /səkitanu / səkami/ | εμείς /eˈmis/ |
| Nome | tera /ˈteɾa/ | sera /seˈɾa/ | téra /ˈtera/ | tery /teɾɨ/ | danhisi /daɲiˈsi/ | ngala /ŋala/ | όνομα /ˈonoma/ |
| Persona | abá /aˈβa/ | mira /miɾa/ | yvypóra /ɨʋɨˈpoɾa/ | — | aʼuwẽ /aʔuˈwɛ̃/ | taw /taw/ | άνθρωπος /ˈanθropos/ |
| Testa | akanga /aˈkãŋa/ | akanga /akaŋa/ | akã /aˈkã/ | akã /aˈkã/ | daʼrã /daʔɾã/ | ulu /ˈʔulu/ | κεφάλι /ceˈfali/ |
| Occhio | t-esá /teˈsa/ | sesa /sesa/ | tesa /tesa/ | esa /esa/ | dato /daˈtɔ/ | mata /maˈta/ | μάτι /ˈmati/ |
| Orecchio | nambi /nãbi/ | nambi /nambi/ | nambi /nãmbi/ | nambi /nambi/ | dapoʼre /dapɔˈʔɾe/ | tangila /taˈŋila/ | αυτί /afˈti/ |
| Naso | tĩ /tĩ/ | tĩ /tĩ/ | tĩ /tĩ/ | xĩ /ʃĩ/ | danhisiʼre /daɲisiˈʔɾe/ | ngilung /ˈŋiluŋ/ | μύτη /ˈmiti/ |
| Bocca | îuru /juˈɾu/ | juru /juɾu/ | juru /dʒuˈɾu/ | juru /ʒuˈɾu/ | dapẽʼẽ /dapɛ̃ˈʔɛ̃/ | ngali /ˈŋali/ | στόμα /ˈstoma/ |
| Dente | aĩa /ãia/ | sanya /saɲa/ | tãi /tãj/ | taĩ /taˈĩ/ | daʼwa /daˈʔwa/ | ngipen /ŋipen/ | δόντι /ˈðondi/ |
| Lingua | apekũ /apekũ/ | apekũ /apekũ/ | kũ /kũ/ | kũ /kũ/ | danhoto /daɲɔˈtɔ/ | dila /dila/ | γλώσσα /ˈɣlosa/ |
| Mano | pó /po/ | pú /pu/ | po /po/ | po /po/ | danhibʼrada /daɲibʔɾaˈda/ | lima /liˈma/ | χέρι /ˈçeɾi/ |
| Piede | py /pɨ/ | pí /pi/ | py /pɨ/ | py /pɨ/ | dapara /dapaˈɾa/ | ai /ʔai/ | πόδι /ˈpoði/ |
| Cuore | nheʼã /ɲẽˈʔã/ | piá /piˈa/ | pyʼa /pɨʔa/ | pyʼa /pɨˈʔa/ | dasiri /dasiˈɾi/ | pusong /puˈsoŋ/ | καρδιά /kaɾˈðʲa/ |
| Osso | kanga /kaˈŋa/ | kãwera /kãweɾa/ | kangue /kãŋɡwe/ | kãgue /kãŋɡwe/ | dahi /daˈhi/ | tulan /tuˈlan/ | κόκαλο /ˈkokalo/ |
| Sangue | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | tuwi /tuwi/ | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | dawapru /dawaˈpɾu/ | lugu /luɡuʔ/ | αίμα /ˈema/ |
| Cacca | tepoti /tepoˈti/ | tiputí /tipuˈti/ | tepoti /tepoti/ | — | danhana /daɲaˈna/ | tahi /ˈtahi/ | κακά /kaˈka/ |
| Amore | aûsub /aˈwsuβ/ | saysu /sajsu/ | hayhu /haɨhu/ | mborayvu /mboɾaɨvu/ | danhimizawi pese zé /daɲimizawi pese zɛ/ | kalini /kaˈlini/ | αγάπη /aˈɣapi/ |
| Albero | ybyʼrá /ɨβɨˈɾa/ | mirá /miˈɾa/ | yvyra /ɨvɨɾa/ | yvyra /ɨvɨˈɾa/ | wede /weˈde/ | kayu /kaˈju/ | δέντρο /ˈðendɾo/ |
| Cane | îagûara /jaˈɣwaɾa/ | yawara /jawaɾa/ | jagua /dʒaɡwa/ | jagua /ʒaɡuˈa/ | wapsã /wapˈsã/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | σκύλος /ˈscilos/ |
| Gatto | marakaîá /maɾakaˈja/ | pixana /piʃana/ | mbarakaja /mbaɾakadʒa/ | xiviʼi /ʃiviˈʔi/ | — /—/ | kuting /kuˈtiŋ/ | γάτα /ˈɣata/ |
| Pesce | pirá /piˈɾa/ | pirá /piˈɾa/ | pira /piɾa/ | pira /piɾa/ | tebe /tebe/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | ψάρι /ˈpsari/ |
| Uccello | gûyrá /ɡʷɨˈɾa/ | wirá /wiˈɾa/ | guyra /ɡʷɨɾa/ | guyra /ɡɨˈɾa/ | sire /siˈɾe/ | papanuk /papaˈnuk/ | πουλί /puˈli/ |
| Farfalla | panam /paˈnam/ | panapana /panapana/ | panambi /panaˈmbi/ | popo /popo/ | piro /piˈɾɔ/ | paro-paro /paroˈparo/ | πεταλούδα /petaˈluða/ |
| Uovo | s-upiʼa /supiˈʔa/ | supiá /supiˈa/ | rupiʼa /ɾupiʔa/ | rupiʼa /ɾupiʔa/ | siʼaʼre /siʔaˈʔɾe/ | leman /ləˈman/ | αυγό /avˈɣo/ |
| Cavallo | kabaru /kaβaˈɾu/ | kawarú /kawaˈɾu/ | kavaju /kaʋaˈdʒu/ | kavaju /kavaˈʒu/ | awaru /awaˈɾu/ | kuda /kuda/ | άλογο /ˈaloɣo/ |
| Casa | oka /ˈoka/ | uka /uka/ | óga /oɡa/ | o /o/ | ʼri /ʔɾi/ | walay /waˈlaj/ | σπίτι /ˈspiti/ |
| Latte | kamby /kambɨ/ | kambí /kamˈbi/ | kamby /kambɨ/ | kamby /kambɨ/ | hâiwaʼu /həiwaˈʔu/ | gatas /ɡaˈtas/ | γάλα /ˈɣala/ |
| Miele | eíra /eˈiɾa/ | íra /ˈiɾa/ | eirete /eiɾeˈte/ | ei /ei/ | ropĩ /ɾɔˈpĩ/ | teneb /təˈnəb/ | μέλι /ˈmeli/ |
| Sale | îukyra /juˈkɨɾa/ | yukira /jukiɾa/ | juky /dʒuˈkɨ/ | juky /ʒuˈkɨ/ | sa /sa/ | timus /ˈtimus/ | αλάτι /aˈlati/ |
| Vino | kaûĩ /kãˈwĩ/ | vinyu /viɲu/ | víno /ˈʋino/ | vinho /ˈviɲu/ | — | — | κρασί /kraˈsi/ |
| Ferro | itá /iˈta/ | feru /ˈfeɾu/ | itakandua /itakanˈdua/ | ferro /ˈfɛʁu/ | siʼuwazi /siʔuwaˈzi/ | putaw /puˈtaw/ | σίδερο /ˈsiðero/ |
| Ruota | ybyrapararanga /ɨβɨɾapaɾaˈɾãŋa/ | — | rruéda /ruˈeda/ | ruéda /ɾuˈeda/ | — | tilikan /tiliˈkan/ | ρόδα /ˈroða/ |
| Libro | kûatiara /kʷatiˈaɾa/ | papera /paˈpeɾa/ | aranduka /aɾanduˈka/ | kuaxia para /kuaˈʃia paɾa/ | ĩbaihâ /ĩbaiˈhə/ | libru /ˈlibɾu/ | βιβλίο /viˈvlio/ |
| Mangiare | ʼu /ʔu/ | mbaú /mbaˈu/ | karu /kaˈɾu/ | karu /kaɾu/ | tisa /tiˈsa/ | kakan /kaˈkan/ | τρώω /ˈtɾoo/ |
| Bere | ʼu /ʔu/ | u /u/ | yʼu /ɨʔu/ | yʼu /ɨʔu/ | hâʼrẽ /həˈʔɾɛ̃/ | inum /ʔiˈnum/ | πίνω /ˈpino/ |
| Dormire | ker /keɾ/ | kéri /keɾi/ | ke /ke/ | ke /ke/ | nhono /ɲɔˈnɔ/ | tulug /ˈtuluɡ/ | κοιμάμαι /ciˈmame/ |
| Uno | oîepé /ojeˈpe/ | yepé /jepe/ | peteĩ /peteĩ/ | peteĩ /peteˈĩ/ | misi /miˈsi/ | isa /ˈʔisa/ | ένα /ˈena/ |
| Due | mokõi /moˈkõj/ | mukũi /muˈkũĩ/ | mokõi /mokõĩ/ | mokoĩ /mokõˈĩ/ | maparane /mapaɾaˈne/ | dua /duwa/ | δύο /ˈðio/ |
| Tre | mosapyr /mosaˈpɨɾ/ | musapiri /musapiɾi/ | mbohapy /mbohaˈpɨ/ | mboapy /mboaˈpɨ/ | siʼubdatõ /siʔubdaˈtɔ̃/ | telu /təluʔ/ | τρία /ˈtria/ |
| Quattro | oîoirundyk /ɔjɔiɾũˈⁿdɨk/ | irundi /iɾunˈdʒi/ | irundy /iɾuˈdɨ/ | irundy /iɾunˈdɨ/ | maparane siʼuiwa /mapaɾane siʔuiwa/ | pat /pat/ | τέσσερα /ˈtesera/ |
| Cinque | ambó /ãˈᵐbo/ | pú /pu/ | po /po/ | po /po/ | ĩmrotõ /ĩmɾɔˈtɔ̃/ | lima /lima/ | πέντε /ˈpe̞nde̞/ |
| Ciao | ereîubé /eɾejuˈβe/ | poranga /poɾaŋɡa/ | mbaʼéichapa /mbaʔeitʃapa/ | aguyjeve te /aɡʷɨʒeˈvete/ | — /—/ | assalamu alaikum /assaˈlamu ʔaˈlajkum/ | γεια σου /ˈʝa su/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | kuekatú /kwekaˈtu/ | aguyje /aɡuɨdʒe/ | haʼevete /haʔevete/ | — /—/ | sukran /ˈsukɾan/ | ευχαριστώ /efxaɾiˈsto/ |
| Buono | katu /kaˈtu/ | katu /katu/ | porã /poɾã/ | porã /poˈɾã/ | ĩwẽ /ĩˈwɛ̃/ | mapiya /maˈpija/ | καλό /kaˈlo/ |
| Nuovo | pysasu /pɨsaˈsu/ | pisasú /pisaˈsu/ | pyahu /pɨaˈhu/ | pyau /pɨˈau/ | ĩté /ĩˈtɛ/ | bagu /baˈɡu/ | καινούριο /ceˈnuɾʝo/ |
| Rosso | pirang /piɾaŋ/ | piranga /piˈɾaŋa/ | pytã /pɨtã/ | pytã /pɨtã/ | ĩpré /ĩˈpɾɛ/ | maliga /maˈliɡa/ | κόκκινο /ˈkocino/ |
| Bianco | ting /tiŋ/ | murutinga /muɾutiŋa/ | morotĩ /moɾoˈtĩ/ | xiĩ /ʃiˈĩ/ | ĩʼa /ĩˈʔa/ | maputi /maputiʔ/ | άσπρο /ˈaspro/ |
| Nero | pixun /piʃun/ | pixuna /piʃuna/ | hũ /hũ/ | hũ /hũ/ | ĩʼrãdâ /ĩʔɾãˈdə/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | μαύρο /ˈmavro/ |
| Verde | oby /oˈβɨ/ | suikiri /suikiɾi/ | hovyũ /hoʋɨˈʔũ/ | ovy /ovɨ/ | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | gadung /ˈɡaduŋ/ | πράσινο /ˈprasino/ |
| Blu | oby /oˈβɨ/ | suikiri /suikiɾi/ | hovy /hoʋɨ/ | ovy /ovɨ/ | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | biru /ˈbiru/ | μπλε /ble/ |
| Cuculo | anũ /ãˈnũ/ | anú /aˈnu/ | anó /aˈno/ | — | — | — | κούκος /ˈkukos/ |
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