Pulik'la'
Yurok
algica
Lo yurok (Pulik'la') è uno dei due membri superstiti del ramo «ritwan» della famiglia algica (l'altro è il wiyot, ora estinto come L1 dal 1962). La famiglia algica comprende l'algonchino (~30 lingue vive dell'America Settentrionale orientale/centrale), il wiyot e lo yurok — lo yurok e il wiyot erano parlati nella California nordoccidentale, a enormi distanze dalle principali aree d'origine algonchine, ponendo uno dei grandi enigmi della linguistica storica. Lo yurok moderno è un caso attivo di successo nella rivitalizzazione linguistica: i programmi linguistici tribali, la Corte Tribale Yurok (che svolge in parte i procedimenti in yurok) e il programma di yurok della Hoopa Valley High School producono ~50 giovani parlanti. Dal punto di vista linguistico, lo yurok conserva tratti algici classici (genere nominale animato-inanimato, verbi polisintetici) ma mostra una notevole divergenza dall'algonchino.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in yurok
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: algica
| Significato | Yurok | Maliseet-Passamaquoddy | Tojolabal | Atikamekw | Thompson | Menominee | Cora |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | paaʼ /paːʔ/ | samaqan /samakʷan/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | nipi /nipi/ | qʷúʔ /qʷuʔ/ | nepāew /nəpaːew/ | hapɨn /hapɨn/ |
| Fuoco | meʼlonok /meʔlonok/ | sqot /skʷot/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | ickote /iʃkote/ | ʕʷyə́p /ʕʷjəp/ | eskotēw /eskoteːw/ | taʼai /taʔai/ |
| Sole | woygey /wojɡej/ | kisuhs /kisuhs/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | pisimw /pisimʷ/ | sk̓ʷák̓ʷest /skʼʷakʼʷest/ | kēsoq /keːsoʔ/ | tahaapuá /tahaːpwa/ |
| Luna | wonewsleg /wonewsleɡ/ | nipawset /nipawset/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | tipiskaw pisim /tipiskaw pisim/ | máʕxetn /maʕxetn/ | tepāhkēsoq /tepaːhkeːsoʔ/ | mɨhka /mɨhka/ |
| Stella | kesʼoh /kesʔoh/ | possesom /possesom/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | atcakoc /atʃakoʃ/ | nkʷəkʷúsn̓ /nkʷəkʷusnˀ/ | anaeq /anæʔ/ | sɨɨrabe /sɨːˈrabe/ |
| Notte | nascewen /nastsewen/ | nipayiw /nipajiw/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | tipisko /tipisko/ | sitist /sitist/ | tepāhkeh /tepaːhkeh/ | tika /tika/ |
| Pioggia | ten /ten/ | — | — | kimiwon /kimiwon/ | stékɬ /stekɬ/ | — | biite /biːte/ |
| Neve | roreer /ɹɔɹiɹ/ | wast /wast/ | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ | kon /kon/ | swúxwt /swuxʷt/ | kōn /koːn/ | seeri /seːɾi/ |
| Vento | rookw /ɹɔːkʷ/ | — | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | rotin /ɾotin/ | snéw̓t /snewˀt/ | — | eeca /eːka/ |
| Terra | hlkehl /ɬkeɬ/ | ktahkomiq /ktahkomikʷ/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | aski /aski/ | tmíxw /tmixʷ/ | ahkēw /ahkeːw/ | chuej /tʃweh/ |
| Pietra | haʼaag /haʔaːɣ/ | ponapsq /ponapskʷ/ | ton /ton/ | asini /asini/ | sxén̓x /sxenˀx/ | aqsan /aʔsan/ | teté /teˈte/ |
| Mare | peeshkaahl /piʃkaːɬ/ | supeq /supekʷ/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | kitcikami /kitʃikami/ | — | kaeqcekam /kæʔtʃekam/ | muájete /mwaˈhete/ |
| Madre | kokos /kokos/ | wikuwossit /wikuwossit/ | nan /nan/ | okawi /okawi/ | skíxzeʔ /skixzeʔ/ | nekīah /nekiːah/ | naana /naːna/ |
| Padre | nopew /nopew/ | mihtaqsit /mihtakʷsit/ | tat /tat/ | otawi /otawi/ | sqáczeʔ /sqatszeʔ/ | nōhnāeh /noːhnaːeh/ | hahuá /hahwa/ |
| Figlia | ʼne-meʼy /ʔnemeʔj/ | ntus /ntus/ | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | otanis /otaːnis/ | — | — | — |
| Io | nek /nek/ | nil /nil/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | nir /niɾ/ | encwe /ʔəntʃwe/ | nenah /nɛnah/ | neʼu /ˈneʔu/ |
| Tu | keʼl /keʔl/ | kil /kil/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | kir /kiɾ/ | enwi /ʔənwi/ | kenah /kɛnah/ | aʼu /ˈaʔu/ |
| Noi | nekah /nekah/ | kilun / nilun /kilun / nilun/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | kirano / ninan /kiɾano / ninan/ | nemimlh /nəmimɬ/ | kenaq / nenaq /kɛnaʔ / nɛnaʔ/ | ta /ta/ |
| Nome | ʼerʼwerhł /ʔerʔwerɬ/ | wisuwon /wisuwon/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | icinikatewin /iʃinikatewin/ | skʷést /skʷest/ | -esian /ɛsian/ | yeuwa /ˈjeuwa/ |
| Persona | ʼoohl /ʔɔːɬ/ | pomawsuwin /pomawsuwin/ | winkil /winkil/ | iriniw /iɾiniw/ | — | — | tebi /tebi/ |
| Testa | mohlkwoh /mɔlkʷɔh/ | woniyakon /wonijakon/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | octikwaninan /oʃtikwaninan/ | — | — | muʼú /muˈʔu/ |
| Occhio | lekwsh /lekwʃ/ | ʼsisoq /sisokʷ/ | satej /sateh/ | ockicikonan /oʃkiʃikonan/ | nk̓ʷətƛ̓ustn /nkʼʷətɬʼustn/ | oskēsek /oskeːsek/ | húi /hwi/ |
| Orecchio | chpegarʼ /tʃpeɣeʔɹ/ | ʼcalokoss /tʃalokoss/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | otokainan /otokainan/ | ƛ̓én̓i /tɬʼenˀi/ | — | naxai /naʃai/ |
| Naso | ʼner-pʼernʼ /ʔnɚpʼɚʔn/ | wihton /wihton/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | okotinan /okotinan/ | sp̓saq̓s /spʼsaqʼs/ | — | tzúʼuri /ˈtsuʔuri/ |
| Bocca | ʼne-luehl /ʔneluɬ/ | ʼtun /tun/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | otoninan /otoninan/ | spléwcin /splewtsin/ | — | teni /teni/ |
| Dente | rpelh /rpeɬ/ | wipit /wipit/ | ex /eʃ/ | wipit /wipit/ | xyexw /χjeχʷ/ | wēpet /weːpet/ | tame /tame/ |
| Lingua | ipl /ipɬ/ | wilol /wilol/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | oterininan /oteɾininan/ | teleʼ /təɬeʔ/ | tēnaniw /teːnaniw/ | nanu /nanu/ |
| Mano | mehl /mehl/ | ʼpihtin /pihtin/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | otcitcinan /otʃitʃinan/ | kéyx /kejx/ | onehkeh /onehkeh/ | mam /mam/ |
| Piede | mechkah /metʃkah/ | ʼsit /sit/ | ok /ok/ | osit /osit/ | sqwaxt /sqʷaxt/ | osēt /oseːt/ | ɨɨka /ɨːka/ |
| Cuore | skoʼol /skoʔol/ | moshun /moshun/ | altzil /altsil/ | otehinan /otehinan/ | sxʷákʷukʷ /sxʷakʷukʷ/ | otēh /oteːh/ | hɨurí /hɨuri/ |
| Osso | werhlkerr /wɚɬkɚ/ | skonis /skonis/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | oskaninan /oskaninan/ | qʼwəqʼwul /qʼʷəqʼʷuʎ/ | ohkan /ohkan/ | ɨka /ɨka/ |
| Sangue | pekoyek /pekojek/ | pokahkon /pokahkon/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | miko /miko/ | peteleʼ /pətəleʔ/ | meskoh /mɛskoh/ | xuuri /ʃuːɾi/ |
| Cacca | mol /mɔl/ | mickon /mitʃkon/ | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | mei /mej/ | paʕ̓ /paʕˀ/ | — | — |
| Amore | choʼomi /tʃoʔomi/ | kseltom /kseltom/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | sakihiwewin /sakihiwewin/ | xámeʔs /χameʔs/ | kesāenemāew /kesaːenemaːew/ | kaʼna /kaʔna/ |
| Albero | kʼepoy /kʼepoj/ | opos /opos/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | mictikw /miʃtikʷ/ | sɣép /sɣep/ | metekoh /metekoh/ | kɨré /kɨre/ |
| Cane | chishʼah /tʃiʃʔah/ | olomuss /olomuss/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | atimw /atimʷ/ | sqáxa /sqaχa/ | anēm /aneːm/ | tsɨʼɨ /tsɨʔɨ/ |
| Gatto | putuy /putuj/ | psuwis /psuwis/ | mis /mis/ | minoc /minoʃ/ | púsh /puʃ/ | — /—/ | mistú /mistu/ |
| Pesce | nepewiS /nepewiʃ/ | nomehs /nomehs/ | chay /tʃaj/ | names /names/ | sqyetn /sqjetn̩/ | namēs /nameːs/ | sasa /sasa/ |
| Uccello | chʼueʼchʼeesh /tʃʼuʔtʃʼiʃ/ | sips /sips/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | pirecic /piɾeʃiʃ/ | spz̓úz̓uʔ /spzˀuzˀuʔ/ | — | pinaʼa /ˈpinaʔa/ |
| Farfalla | ʼwerrpʼ /ʔwɚːpʼ/ | amakehs /amakehs/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | kwakwapito /kwakwapito/ | nkíkax̣n̓i /nkikaχnˀi/ | mīmīkwǣw /miːmiːkwæːw/ | átzipaʼu /ˈatsipaʔu/ |
| Uovo | ʼweryhl /ʔwɚjɬ/ | wawon /wawon/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | waw /waw/ | heʔúšeʔ /heʔuʃeʔ/ | — | taʼu /taʔu/ |
| Orso | chyerʼerʼy /tʃjɚʔɚʔj/ | muwin /muwin/ | oso /oso/ | masko /masko/ | spéʔec /speʔets/ | awǣhsaeh /awæːhsæh/ | juutzeʼe /huːtseʔe/ |
| Cavallo | muelah /mulah/ | ahahs /ahahs/ | kawu /kawu/ | atikw /atikʷ/ | k̓əɬc̓esqáx̣aʔ /kʼəɬtsʼesqaχaʔ/ | — | cahuaáyuʼu /kawaˈajuʔu/ |
| Casa | kerwer /kerwer/ | wikuwam /wikuwam/ | naj /nah/ | mikiwam /mikiwam/ | citxw /tsitxʷ/ | wīkewam /wiːkewam/ | kíh /kih/ |
| Latte | newon /newɔn/ | molaqs /molakʷs/ | lech /letʃ/ | tcotcocanapo /tʃotʃoʃanapo/ | míl̓k /milˀk/ | — | léechi /ˈleːtʃi/ |
| Miele | repchem /reptʃem/ | amuwesipom /amuwesipom/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | amo naminas /amo naminas/ | ƛ̓əxtmin /tɬʼəxtmin/ | — | sarate /saɾate/ |
| Sale | peeshkah /piʃkah/ | salawey /salawej/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | ciwotakan /ʃiwotakan/ | c̓ált /tsʼalt/ | sēwehtākan /seːwehtaːkan/ | unáj /unah/ |
| Riso | raas /ɹaːs/ | aptelomultinewey /aptelomultinewej/ | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | miromin /miɾomin/ | — | manōmaeh /manoːmæh/ | — |
| Ferro | pegemeepʼ /peɣemipʼ/ | olonahq /olonahkʷ/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | piwapiskw /piwapiskʷ/ | ʔík̓mn /ʔikʼmn/ | — | tepuústiʼi /tepuːstiʔi/ |
| Ruota | weeel /wiːl/ | wahkaliqs /wahkalikʷs/ | rweda /rweda/ | toro /toɾo/ | — | — | — |
| Mangiare | kepoyi /kepoji/ | mitsu /mitsu/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | mitciso /mitʃiso/ | ʔíqs /ʔiqs/ | mīcew /miːtʃew/ | kuá /kwa/ |
| Bere | kewolepi /kewolepi/ | lossomu /lossomu/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | minikwew /minikwew/ | ʔúqʷeʔ /ʔuqʷeʔ/ | menew /menew/ | hiʼi /hiʔi/ |
| Dormire | chkeyekʼ /tʃkejekʼ/ | — | wayel /wajel/ | nipaw /nipaw/ | ʕʷóy̓t /ʕʷojˀt/ | nepāw /nepaːw/ | cutzú /kuˈtsu/ |
| Uno | kohchew /kohtʃew/ | pesq /peskʷ/ | jun /hun/ | peikw /pejkʷ/ | péyeʔ /pejeʔ/ | nekot /nekot/ | cei /tsei/ |
| Due | naʼamoyʼ /naʔamoj/ | nis /nis/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | nicw /niʃʷ/ | séye /seje/ | nīs /niːs/ | huapoa /waˈpoa/ |
| Tre | nahkseʼn /nahkseʔn/ | nihi /nihi/ | oxe /oʃe/ | nicto /niʃto/ | keʔɬés /keʔɬes/ | nɛʔniw /nɛʔniw/ | waika /waika/ |
| Quattro | choʼoneʼn /tʃoʔoneʔn/ | new /new/ | chane /tʃane/ | new /new/ | mús /mus/ | nīw /niːw/ | muaacua /mwaːkwa/ |
| Cinque | meruh /meruh/ | nan /nan/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ | niaran /niaɾan/ | cíykst /tsijkst/ | nyānan /njaːnan/ | ansɨbi /ansɨbi/ |
| Ciao | aiy-yue-kwee /aj-juːkweː/ | qey /kʷej/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | kwei /kwej/ | weytk /wejtk/ | posoh /posoh/ | keʼkuanenki /keʔkwanenki/ |
| Grazie | wokhlew /wokʰlew/ | woliwon /woliwon/ | yuj /juh/ | mikwetc /mikwetʃ/ | kʷukʷscémxʷ /kʷukʷstsemxʷ/ | wāēwāēnen /waːeːwaːeːnen/ | atsipiraá /atsipiraː/ |
| Buono | skuyahl /skujahl/ | woli /woli/ | lek /lek/ | mirwacin /miɾwaʃin/ | y̓é /jˀe/ | menwāewen /menwaːewen/ | huáʼi /hwaʔi/ |
| Nuovo | chaʼanar /tʃaʔanaɹ/ | pileyu /pileju/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | ocki /oʃki/ | cíyci /tsijtsi/ | — | jéjcua /ˈhehkwa/ |
| Rosso | pekwoh /pekwoh/ | mqeyu /mkʷeju/ | chak /tʃak/ | mikwaw /mikwaw/ | cíqʷ /tsiqʷ/ | mɛhkon /mɛhkon/ | sabí /saˈbi/ |
| Bianco | muenchey /muntʃej/ | wapeyu /wapeju/ | sak /sak/ | wapaw /wapaw/ | píq /piq/ | — | cuaiina /kʷaiˈina/ |
| Nero | loʼogey /loʔoɣej/ | mokoseweyu /mokoseweju/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | makatewaw /makatewaw/ | hestə́ptəpt /hestəptəpt/ | — | súʼumuaraʼa /suʔumwaɾaʔa/ |
| Blu | skoyon /skojon/ | musqonocihte /muskʷonotʃihte/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | waseskonaw /waseskonaw/ | ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt /ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt/ | — | — |
| Caffè | kopeen /kɔpin/ | kahpe /kahpe/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | kapi /kapi/ | kápi /kapi/ | — | — |
| Zucchero | repchem /reptʃem/ | sukol /sukol/ | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | sisipaskot /sisipaskot/ | — | — | — |
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