Dohkapuara
Tuyuca
Tukano-Sprachfamilie (Ost)
Tuyuca ist eine ostotukanische Sprache im Nordwest-Amazonas und das Schulbuchbeispiel für obligatorische Evidentialität. Jede finite Verbform muss die Informationsquelle des Sprechers durch einen von fünf Evidenz-Markern ausdrücken — visuell, nicht-visuell, inferiert, angenommen und Hörensagen — sodass „John spielte Fußball" nicht übersetzt werden kann, ohne gleichzeitig zu kodieren, WOHER der Sprecher es weiß. Etwa 800-1.000 Sprecher am Vaupés-Fluss an der Grenze Kolumbien-Brasilien.
Wo die Sprache gesprochen wird
Tuyuca: 87 Kernwörter
Quellen
- Barnes, Janet (1984) "Evidentials in the Tuyuca verb" IJAL 50:255-271
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2004) Evidentiality (Oxford University Press)
- Stenzel, Kristine (2007) "The semantics of serial verb constructions" Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
- Glottolog: Tuyuca
- Ethnologue: tue
Wörter im Vergleich
Verglichen mit verwandten Sprachen: Tukano-Sprachfamilie (Ost)
| Bedeutung | Tuyuca | Wichita | Lardil | Xavante | Lhomi | Hajong | Yuchi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wasser | oko /oko/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | nguka /ŋuka/ | â /ə/ | ཆུ་ /tɕʰu˥/ | pani /pani/ | tse /tse/ |
| Feuer | pekãbẽ /pekãbẽ/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | nyuda /ɲuda/ | uzâ /uˈzə/ | མེ་ /me˥/ | ag /aɡ/ | ʼyati /ʔjati/ |
| Sonne | muĩpũ /muĩpũ/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | warrka /waɾka/ | bâdâ /bəˈdə/ | ཉི་མ་ /ɲi˥ma˩/ | bela /bela/ | tso /tso/ |
| Mond | ñami makʉ̃ /ɲami makɨ̃/ | waːh /waːh/ | kirdikir /kiɖikir/ | aʼamo /aʔaˈmɔ/ | ཟླ་བ་ /dawa˩/ | চান /tʃan/ | shafa /ʃafa/ |
| Stern | ñokõ /ɲokõ/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | kuwa thungal /kuwa θuŋal/ | wasi /waˈsi/ | སྐར་མ /karma˥/ | tara /taɾa/ | weʼyv /weʔjʌ̃/ |
| Nacht | yãbĩ /jãˈbĩ/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | nata /nata/ | mara /maɾa/ | མཚན་མོ /tsʰemːu˥/ | rati /rati/ | pado /pado/ |
| Regen | oko /oˈko/ | — | — | tã /tã/ | — | mek /mek/ | — |
| Wind | wĩdõ /wĩˈdõ/ | niweʔeːrʔa /niweʔeːɾʔa/ | — | rowaʼu /ɾɔwaˈʔu/ | — | batas /batas/ | — |
| Erde | dita /diˈta/ | — | — | tiʼa /tiˈʔa/ | ས /sa˥/ | মাটি /maʈi/ | — |
| Stein | ʉ̃tã /ɨ̃tã/ | — | — | ẽne /ɛ̃ˈne/ | རྡོ་ /do˥/ | — | — |
| Berg | ʉ̃tãgʉ̃ /ɨ̃tãɡɨ̃/ | — | — | ẽtẽ ʼrãihâ /ɛ̃tɛ̃ ʔɾãihə/ | — | — | — |
| Meer | dia pairibã /ˈdia paiˈɾibã/ | — | — | â poré /ə pɔɾɛ/ | — | — | — |
| Mutter | pakó /pakó/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | ngama /ŋama/ | dana /daˈna/ | ཨ་མ་ /ʔama˩/ | ma /ma/ | ditsehæ /ditsehæ/ |
| Vater | pakʉ /pakɨ/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | kantha /kan̪t̪a/ | damama /damaˈma/ | ཨ་པ་ /ʔapa˩/ | baba /baba/ | dzetʼe /dzetʼe/ |
| Tochter | makó /mãkõ/ | — | — | daʼra sipiʼõ /daʔɾa sipiʔɔ̃/ | — | — | — |
| Ich | yʉʉ /jɨː/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | ngada /ŋada/ | wa /wa/ | ང /ŋa˩/ | moi /muɪ/ | di /di/ |
| Du | mʉʉ /mɨː/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | nyingki /ɲiŋki/ | a /a/ | ཁྱོད /kʰjø˥/ | tui /tuɪ/ | tse /tse/ |
| Wir | bãrĩ / ʉ̃sã /bãˈɾĩ / ɨ̃ˈsã/ | — /—/ | ngakuli / nyali /ŋakuli / ɲali/ | wa norĩ /wa noɾĩ/ | — /—/ | amra /amra/ | ʼõdi / nõdi /ʔõdi / nõdi/ |
| Name | wamé /wamẽ/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | nyunda /ɲunda/ | danhisi /daɲiˈsi/ | མིང /miŋ˩/ | nam /nam/ | tiʼe /tiʔe/ |
| Mensch | basokɨ /basokɨ/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | — | aʼuwẽ /aʔuˈwɛ̃/ | — | — | — |
| Kopf | dupu /duˈpu/ | — | — | daʼrã /daʔɾã/ | — | — | — |
| Auge | kapea /kapea/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | kuwa /kuwa/ | dato /daˈtɔ/ | མིག་ /mik˥/ | soku /sɔku/ | gochi /ɡotʃʰi/ |
| Ohr | kãbõpero /kãbõˈpeɾo/ | — | — | dapoʼre /dapɔˈʔɾe/ | — | kan /kan/ | — |
| Nase | ẽkẽã /ẽkẽã/ | — | — | danhisiʼre /daɲisiˈʔɾe/ | — | nak /nak/ | — |
| Mund | ʉsero /ɨseɾo/ | — | — | dapẽʼẽ /dapɛ̃ˈʔɛ̃/ | — | — | — |
| Zahn | upi /uˈpi/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | kadma leman /kadma leman/ | daʼwa /daˈʔwa/ | སོ /so˥/ | dat /dat/ | kẽ /kẽ/ |
| Zunge | yẽbẽro /jẽˈbẽɾõ/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | jalda leman /dʒalda leman/ | danhoto /daɲɔˈtɔ/ | ལྕེ /tɕila˥/ | jiba /dʒiba/ | kʼẽka /kʼẽka/ |
| Hand | wãmo /wãmo/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | marlda /maɭda/ | danhibʼrada /daɲibʔɾaˈda/ | ལག་པ་ /lakpa˩/ | hat /hat/ | weʼothæ /weʔotʰæ/ |
| Fuß | dʉpo /dɨpo/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | jaa /dʒaː/ | dapara /dapaˈɾa/ | རྐང་པ /kaŋpa˥/ | theng /ʈʰeŋ/ | wedithæ /weditʰæ/ |
| Herz | yeeripũna /jeːɾipũna/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | bulja /buldʒa/ | dasiri /dasiˈɾi/ | སྙིང་ /ɲiŋ˥/ | mon /mon/ | wethæ /wetʰæ/ |
| Knochen | kõã /kõˈã/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | kadma /kadma/ | dahi /daˈhi/ | རུས་པ /ryːpa˥/ | harang /haraŋ/ | weshʼe /weʃʼe/ |
| Blut | dii /diː/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | kanda /kanda/ | dawapru /dawaˈpɾu/ | ཁྲག /tʰak˥/ | rokto /rɔkto/ | wi /wi/ |
| Kacke | kʉ̃dã /kɨ̃dã/ | — | — | danhana /daɲaˈna/ | — | — | — |
| Liebe | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | danhimizawi pese zé /daɲimizawi pese zɛ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Baum | yukɨgɨ /jukɨɡɨ/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | thungal /θuŋal/ | wede /weˈde/ | ཤིང་ /ɕiŋ˥/ | gas /ɡas/ | ʼya /ʔja/ |
| Hund | diayi /diaji/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | ngawa /ŋawa/ | wapsã /wapˈsã/ | ཁྱི་ /kʰi˥/ | kuthura /kutʰuɾa/ | dzene /dzene/ |
| Katze | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fisch | wai /waˈi/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | yaka /jaka/ | tebe /tebe/ | ན /na˥/ | mas /maːtʃʰ/ | shu /ʃu/ |
| Vogel | bĩdĩbãkʉ̃ /bĩdĩbãˈkɨ̃/ | ichir /itsʰiɾ/ | — | sire /siˈɾe/ | — | — | — |
| Schmetterling | bõbõrõ /bõˈbõɾõ/ | — | — | piro /piˈɾɔ/ | — | — | — |
| Ei | diye /dije/ | nikwiːkʔa /nikʷiːkʔa/ | — | siʼaʼre /siʔaˈʔɾe/ | — | dim /dim/ | — |
| Pferd | caballo /kaˈbajo/ | — | — | awaru /awaˈɾu/ | — | — | — |
| Haus | wii /wiː/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | ngambirr /ŋambir/ | ʼri /ʔɾi/ | ཁྱིམ་ /kʰim˥/ | ghor /ɡʱoɾ/ | yufa /jufa/ |
| Milch | õpẽko /õpẽˈko/ | — | — | hâiwaʼu /həiwaˈʔu/ | — | dudh /dudʱ/ | — |
| Honig | bũbĩã oko /bũbĩã oko/ | — | — | ropĩ /ɾɔˈpĩ/ | — | — | — |
| Salz | móã /mõã/ | — | — | sa /sa/ | ཚྭ་ /tsʰa˥/ | — | — |
| Wein | vino /ˈbino/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Reis | arusu /aˈɾusu/ | — | — | aro /aˈɾɔ/ | — | — | — |
| Eisen | kõbẽ /kõˈbẽ/ | — | — | siʼuwazi /siʔuwaˈzi/ | — | luha /luɦa/ | — |
| Rad | beto /beˈto/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Buch | paperatuti /paˈpeɾatuti/ | — | — | ĩbaihâ /ĩbaiˈhə/ | — | — | — |
| Essen | yaa /jaː/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | jitha /dʒiθa/ | tisa /tiˈsa/ | ཟ་ /sa˩/ | kha /kʰa/ | gothlæ /ɡoɬæ/ |
| Trinken | sĩdĩ /sĩdĩ/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | kurdama /kuɖama/ | hâʼrẽ /həˈʔɾɛ̃/ | འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ˩/ | kha /kʰa/ | pʼe /pʼe/ |
| Schlafen | kãdĩ /kãdĩ/ | — | — | nhono /ɲɔˈnɔ/ | ཉལ་ /ɲal˩/ | ghuma /ɡʱuma/ | — |
| Eins | sika /sika/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | warnge /waɾŋe/ | misi /miˈsi/ | གཅིག་ /tɕik˥/ | ek /ek/ | hitʼe /hitʼe/ |
| Zwei | pʉ́aro /pɨ́aɾo/ | wic /wits/ | kiyarrng /kijaɾŋ/ | maparane /mapaɾaˈne/ | གཉིས /ɲi˩/ | dui /duɪ/ | nõwe /nõwe/ |
| Drei | itia /itia/ | taw /taw/ | mungkalan /muŋkalan/ | siʼubdatõ /siʔubdaˈtɔ̃/ | གསུམ /ʰsum˥/ | tin /tin/ | nǫkæ /nõkæ/ |
| Vier | bapari /bapaɾi/ | taːkwic /taːkʷits/ | — | maparane siʼuiwa /mapaɾane siʔuiwa/ | བཞི /ʃi˩/ | — | — |
| Fünf | sikabõhẽyẽ /siˈkabõhẽjẽ/ | — | — | ĩmrotõ /ĩmɾɔˈtɔ̃/ | ལྔ /ʰŋa˥/ | — | chʼwahe /tʃʼwahe/ |
| Hundert | cien /sjen/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hallo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས /taɕi˥ tele˩/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Danke | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Gut | ãñu /ãɲu/ | acs /atss/ | kuba /kuba/ | ĩwẽ /ĩˈwɛ̃/ | ཡག་པོ་ /jakpo˩/ | bhala /bʱala/ | sæle /sæle/ |
| Neu | bãbã /bãˈbã/ | — | — | ĩté /ĩˈtɛ/ | — | — | — |
| Rot | sõã /sõˈã/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | kandukan /kandukan/ | ĩpré /ĩˈpɾɛ/ | དམར་པོ /mar˥pu˩/ | lal /lal/ | tshyathla /tsʰjaɬa/ |
| Weiß | buti /buˈti/ | — | — | ĩʼa /ĩˈʔa/ | དཀར་པོ /kar˥pu˩/ | dhola /dʱola/ | — |
| Schwarz | yĩĩ /jĩˈĩ/ | — | — | ĩʼrãdâ /ĩʔɾãˈdə/ | — | — | — |
| Grün | sɨ̃bẽ /sɨ̃ˈbẽ/ | — | — | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | — | — | — |
| Blau | sɨ̃bẽ /sɨ̃ˈbẽ/ | — | — | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | — | — | — |
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