Хальмг келн
Kalmyk
Mongolic (Western, Oirat-Kalmyk)
Kalmyk-Oirat (Хальмг келн Halʼmg keln) is the only Mongolic language native to Europe, spoken by the Kalmyk people of the Republic of Kalmykia on the lower Volga steppe in Russia (~80K speakers). The Kalmyks are descendants of Western Mongol Oirats who migrated west in the 17th century, and the only traditionally Buddhist (Tibetan Vajrayana) people native to Europe. Stalin deported the entire Kalmyk population to Siberia in 1943; permitted to return only in 1957, devastating language transmission. UNESCO classes it as severely endangered. Historically written in the Clear Script (Todo bichig) created by the Oirat monk Zaya Pandita in 1648.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Kalmyk
Sources
- Ethnologue: xal
- Bläsing (2003) Kalmuck (in Janhunen, The Mongolic Languages)
- UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mongolic (Western, Oirat-Kalmyk)
| Meaning | Kalmyk | Middle Mongol | Classical Mongolian | Proto-Mongolic | Mongolian | Buryat | Eastern Yugur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | усн /usn/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | *usun /usun/ | ус /us/ | уһан /uhan/ | qusun /qusun/ |
| Fire | һал /ɣal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ |
| Sun | нарн /narn/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | нар /nar/ | наран /naran/ | naran /naran/ |
| Moon | сар /sar/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | сар /sar/ | һара /hara/ | sara /sara/ |
| Star | одн /odn/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | *hodun /hodun/ | од /ɔt/ | одон /odoŋ/ | hodən /hodən/ |
| Night | сө /sø/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | *söni /søni/ | шөнө /ʃønø/ | һүни /hyni/ | søønə /søːnə/ |
| Rain | хур /xur/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | *kura /kura/ | бороо /bɔrɔː/ | бороо /bɔrɔː/ | xura /χura/ |
| Snow | цасн /tsasn/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | цас /tsas/ | саһан /sahaŋ/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ |
| Wind | салькн /salʲˈkn̩/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | салхи /salxi/ | һалхин /halxin/ | salɢən /salɢən/ |
| Earth | һазр /ɣazr/ | ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠷ /qadʒar/ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɡadʒar/ | *gaǰar /ɡadʒar/ | газар /ɡazar/ | шорой /ʃoroj/ | ʃəruu /ʃəruː/ |
| Stone | чолун /tʃolun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | чулуу /tʃuluː/ | шулуун /ʃuluːŋ/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ |
| Mountain | уул /uːl/ | — | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | *huɣula /huɣula/ | уул /uːɮ/ | уула /uːla/ | uula /uːla/ |
| Sea | теңгс /teŋɡs/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | *dalai /dalai/ | далай /taˈɮaj/ | далай /dalaj/ | dalii /daliː/ |
| Mother | ээҗ /eːdʒ/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | *eke /eke/ | ээж /eːdʒ/ | эхэ /exe/ | hge /hɡe/ |
| Father | эцк /etsəˈkə/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | аав /aːw/ | эсэгэ /eseɡe/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ |
| Daughter | күүкн /kyːkn/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | *ökin /økin/ | охин /oxin/ | басаган /basaɡan/ | — |
| I | би /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ | bə /bə/ |
| You | чи /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | *či /tʃi/ | чи /tʃʰi/ | ши /ʃi/ | tʃə /tʃə/ |
| We | бидн /bidn̩/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | бид /bid/ | бидэ /bide/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ |
| Name | нерн /nern/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | нэр /ner/ | нэрэ /nere/ | nere /nere/ |
| Person | күн /kyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | хүн /xyŋ/ | хүн /xyŋ/ | kuun /kuːn/ |
| Head | толһа /tolɣa/ | — | ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ /toloɣai/ | *tolagaï /tolaɡai/ | толгой /tɔlɡɔj/ | толгой /tolɡoj/ | toloʁui /toloʁui/ |
| Eye | нүдн /nyˈdn̩/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | нүд /nyd/ | нюдэн /nʲuden/ | nudun /nudun/ |
| Ear | чикн /tʃikn/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | чих /tɕʰiç/ | шэхэн /ʃexen/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ |
| Nose | хамр /xamr/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | хамар /xamar/ | хамар /xamar/ | xawar /χawar/ |
| Mouth | амн /amn̩/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | ам /am/ | аман /aman/ | aman /aman/ |
| Tooth | шүдн /ʃydn̩/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | шүд /ʃyd/ | шүдэн /ʃyden/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ |
| Tongue | келн /keln̩/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | хэл /xel/ | хэлэн /xelen/ | kelen /kelen/ |
| Hand | һар /ɣar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | гар /ɡar/ | гар /ɡar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ |
| Foot | көл /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | хөл /xɵl/ | хүл /xyl/ | køl /køl/ |
| Heart | зүркн /zyrˈkən/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | зүрх /dzyrx/ | зүрхэн /zyrxen/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ |
| Bone | ясн /jasn̩/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | *yasun /jasun/ | яс /jas/ | яһан /jahaŋ/ | yasən /jasən/ |
| Blood | цусн /tsusn̩/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | цус /tsus/ | шуһан /ʃuhaŋ/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ |
| Poop | баасн /baːsn̩/ | — | ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ /baɣasu/ | — | баас /paːs/ | бааһан /baːhaŋ/ | — |
| Love | дурлх /durlx/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | — /—/ | хайр /xajr/ | дуран /duran/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | модн /moˈdn̩/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | *modun /modun/ | мод /mod/ | модон /modon/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ |
| Dog | ноха /noxa/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | *nokai /nokai/ | нохой /nɔxɔj/ | нохой /noxoj/ | noxqui /noχqui/ |
| Cat | мис /mis/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | муур /muːr/ | миисгэй /miːsɡej/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | заһсн /zaɣsn̩/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | загас /ˈtsaɡas/ | загаһан /zaɡaˈhaŋ/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ |
| Bird | шовун /ʃowun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤᠨ /ʃibaun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃibaɣu/ | *sibaɣun /sibaɣun/ | шувуу /ʃuwuː/ | шубуун /ʃubuːn/ | ʃuun /ʃuːn/ |
| Butterfly | эрвәкә /erwækæ/ | — | ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠬᠡᠢ /erbekei/ | *herbekei /herbekei/ | эрвээхэй /erweːxej/ | эрбээхэй /erbeːxej/ | — |
| Egg | өндгн /øndɡn̩/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | өндөг /øndøɡ/ | үндэгэн /yndeɡen/ | bala /bala/ |
| Bear | аю /aju/ | — | — | — | баавгай /baːwɡaj/ | баабгай /baːbɡaj/ | — |
| Horse | мөрн /møˈrn̩/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | *morïn /morin/ | морь /mɔrʲ/ | морин /morin/ | — |
| House | гер /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ |
| Milk | үсн /ysn̩/ | — | ᠰᠦᠨ /syn/ | *sün /syn/ | сүү /syː/ | һүн /hyn/ | — |
| Honey | бал /bal/ | — | ᠪᠠᠯ /bal/ | *bal /bal/ | бал /bal/ | бал /bal/ | — |
| Salt | давсн /davsn/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | давс /davs/ | дабһан /dabhan/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ |
| Wine | чаһр /tʃaɣr̩/ | — | — | — | дарс /dars/ | дарһан /darhan/ | — |
| Rice | тутрһ /tutrəɣ/ | — | — | — | будаа /pʊˈtaː/ | сагаан будаа /saɡaːn budaː/ | — |
| Chocolate | шоколад /ʃokolad/ | — | — | — | шоколад /ʃokoˈlad/ | шоколад /ʃokoˈlad/ | — |
| Iron | төмр /tøˈmər/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | *temür /temyr/ | төмөр /tømør/ | түмэр /tymer/ | — |
| Wheel | төгә /tøɡæ/ | — | ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ /kyrdy/ | — | дугуй /duɡuj/ | мөөр /møːr/ | — |
| Silk | торһн /torˈɣən/ | — | ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠠ /torɣa/ | — | торго /ˈtɔrɡɔ/ | торгон /torɡon/ | — |
| Book | дегтр /dekˈtər/ | — | ᠨᠣᠮ /nom/ | — | ном /nɔm/ | ном /nom/ | — |
| Eat | идх /itˈxə/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | *ide- /ide/ | идэх /idex/ | эдихэ /edixe/ | ede /ede/ |
| Drink | уух /uːx/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | *uu- /uu/ | уух /uːx/ | ууха /uːxa/ | uu /uː/ |
| Sleep | унтх /untx/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | *unta- /unta/ | унтах /ʊntax/ | унтаха /untaxa/ | nda /nda/ |
| One | негн /neɡn/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | *nigen /nigen/ | нэг /neɡ/ | нэгэн /neɡen/ | niɣe /niɣe/ |
| Two | хойр /xojr/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | *koyar /kojar/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ |
| Three | һурвн /ɣurwn̩/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | гурав /ɡurav/ | гурбан /ɡurban/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ |
| Four | дөрвн /dørwn̩/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | *dörben /dørben/ | дөрөв /dørøv/ | дүрбэн /dyrben/ | dørwen /dørwen/ |
| Five | тавн /tawn/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | *tabun /tabun/ | таван /tʰawaŋ/ | табан /taban/ | taawən /taːwən/ |
| Hundred | зун /zun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | зуу /tsuː/ | зуун /zuːn/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ |
| Hello | менд /mend/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | — /—/ | сайн уу /sajn uː/ | сайн байна /sajn bajna/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | ханҗанав /xandʒanav/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | — /—/ | баярлалаа /bajarlalaː/ | баярлаа /bajarlaː/ | — /—/ |
| Good | сән /sæn/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | *sajin /sajin/ | сайн /sajn/ | һайн /hajn/ | sain /sajn/ |
| New | шин /ʃin/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | *sine /sine/ | шинэ /ʃine/ | шэнэ /ʃene/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ |
| Red | улан /ulan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | улаан /ʊˈɮaːŋ/ | улаан /ʊˈlaːŋ/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ |
| White | цаһан /tsaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | цагаан /tsʰaɡaːn/ | сагаан /saɡaːŋ/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ |
| Black | хар /xar/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | *kara /kara/ | хар /xar/ | хара /xara/ | xara /χara/ |
| Green | ноһан /noˈɣan/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ногоон /nɔɡɔːŋ/ | ногоон /noˈɡoːŋ/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ |
| Blue | көк /køˈkə/ | — | — | — | хөх /xɵx/ | хүхэ /xyˈxe/ | — |
| Cuckoo | көкә /køˈkæ/ | ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ /kɵkɵˈɡe/ | ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠭᠡ /kɵkɵˈɡe/ | — | хөхөө /xɵˈxɵː/ | хүбхүү /xypxyː/ | — |
| Computer | компьютер /komˈpjuter/ | — | — | — | компьютер /ˈkʰɔmpʰjʊtʰʲɵr̥/ | компьютер /kɔmˈpjuter/ | — |
| Tea | цә /tsæ/ | — | ᠴᠠᠢ /tʃai/ | — | цай /tsʰɛː/ | сай /saj/ | — |
| Sugar | шикр /ʃikr̩/ | — | — | — | элсэн чихэр /ˈelsəŋ tʃʰixər/ | шэхэр /ʃexer/ | — |
| Orange | апельсин /apelʲˈsin/ | — | — | — | жүрж /dʒyrdʒ/ | жүрж /dʒyrdʒ/ | — |
| Ninety-nine | йирн йисн /jirn̩ jisn/ | — | — | — | ерэн ес /jeren jes/ | ерэн юһэн /jeren juhen/ | — |
| At sign | эт /et/ | — | — | — | эт /et/ | — | — |
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