Boros Dusun
Kadazan-Dusun
Austronesian (Sabahan)
Central Dusun (Kadazan-Dusun) is the cover term for closely related Sabahan Austronesian languages of Malaysian Borneo (Sabah), with ~570K speakers across Kadazan and Dusun varieties. Made co-official in Sabah in 1995 alongside Bahasa Malaysia and English. The Kaamatan harvest festival (May) celebrates the rice spirit Bambaazon — a major cultural anchor. Unified standard developed by the Kadazandusun Cultural Association (KDCA) since 1989 using Latin script. Taught in primary schools in Kadazandusun-majority districts.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Kadazan-Dusun
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Sabahan)
| Meaning | Kadazan-Dusun | Coastal Kadazan | Ngaju | Banjar | Simalungun Batak | Old Malay | Tausug |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | waig /waiɡ/ | waig /waiɡ/ | danum /danum/ | banyu /baɲu/ | bah /bah/ | air /air/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ |
| Fire | tapui /tapui/ | tapui /taˈpui/ | apui /apui/ | api /api/ | apuy /apuj/ | api /api/ | kāyu /kaːju/ |
| Sun | todau /todau/ | tadau /taˈdau/ | matanandau /matanandau/ | matahari /matahari/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | matari /matari/ | adlaw /adlaw/ |
| Moon | vulan /vulan/ | vuhan /ˈvuhan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | rombituon /rombituon/ | tombituon /tombituon/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bituun /bituʔun/ |
| Night | sodop /sodop/ | sodop /sodop/ | hamalem /hamaləm/ | malam /malam/ | borngin /borŋin/ | malam /malam/ | dūm /duːm/ |
| Rain | rasam /rasam/ | rasam /rasam/ | ujan /udʒan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | — | ulan /ˈulan/ |
| Snow | salju /saldʒu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — | — |
| Wind | ribut /ribut/ | tongus /toŋus/ | riwut /riwut/ | angin /aŋin/ | logou /loɡou/ | — | hangin /haŋin/ |
| Earth | tana /tana/ | tana /tana/ | petak /petak/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanoh /tanoh/ | — | lupaꞌ /lupaʔ/ |
| Stone | batu /batu/ | vatu /vatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mountain | nuluhon /nuluhon/ | nuhu /nuhu/ | bukit /bukit/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolog /doloɡ/ | — | būd /buːd/ |
| Sea | rahat /rahat/ | rahat /rahat/ | tasik /tasik/ | laut /laut/ | laut /laut/ | — | dagat /daɡat/ |
| Mother | tina /tina/ | tina /ˈtina/ | indu /indu/ | uma /uma/ | inang /inaŋ/ | ibu /ibu/ | inaꞌ /inaʔ/ |
| Father | tama /tama/ | tama /ˈtama/ | bapa /bapa/ | abah /abah/ | bapa /bapa/ | bapa /bapa/ | amaꞌ /amaʔ/ |
| Daughter | tanak tondu /tanak tondu/ | — | anak bawi /anak bawi/ | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | boru /boru/ | — | anak babai /anak babai/ |
| I | yoku /joku/ | zou /zou/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | ahu /ahu/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ |
| You | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ | ikau /ikau/ | ikam /ikam/ | ho /ho/ | kamu /kamu/ | ikaw /ikaw/ |
| We | tokou / yahai /tokou / jahai/ | tokou / zikoi /tokou / zikoi/ | itah / ikei /itah / ikei/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | hita / hanami /hita / hanami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kitaniyu / kami /kitaniju / kami/ |
| Name | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | aran /aran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | goran /ɡoran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngan /ŋan/ |
| Person | tulun /tulun/ | tuhun /tuhun/ | uluh /uluh/ | urang /uraŋ/ | halak /halak/ | — | tau /taʔu/ |
| Head | tulu /tulu/ | tuhu /tuhu/ | takuluk /takuluk/ | kapala /kapala/ | ulu /ulu/ | — | ū /ʔuː/ |
| Eye | mato /mato/ | mato /ˈmato/ | mate /mate/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | tolingo /toliŋo/ | tohingo /toˈhiŋo/ | pinding /pindiŋ/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | — | taynga /tajŋa/ |
| Nose | todung /toduŋ/ | todung /toduŋ/ | urung /uruŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | — | ilung /ˈʔiluŋ/ |
| Mouth | kabang /kabaŋ/ | kabang /kaˈbaŋ/ | nyama /ɲama/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | babah /babah/ | — | simud /simud/ |
| Tooth | nipon /nipon/ | nipon /nipon/ | kasinga /kasiŋa/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipun /ipun/ |
| Tongue | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ | jela /dʒelaʔ/ | ilat /ilat/ | dilah /dilah/ | lidah /lidah/ | dilaꞌ /dilaʔ/ |
| Hand | longon /ˈloŋon/ | longon /ˈloŋon/ | lengen /ləŋən/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lima /lima/ |
| Foot | gakod /ɡakod/ | — | pai /pai/ | batis /batis/ | — | — | siki /siki/ |
| Heart | ginawo /ɡinawo/ | kosingan /koˈsiŋan/ | atei /atei/ | ati /ati/ | uhur /uhur/ | hati /hati/ | jantung /dʒantuŋ/ |
| Bone | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tuhang /tuhaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | bukug /ˈbukuɡ/ |
| Blood | rahaʼ /rahaʔ/ | rahaʼ /rahaʔ/ | daha /dahaʔ/ | darah /darah/ | daroh /daroh/ | darah /darah/ | duguꞌ /duɡuʔ/ |
| Poop | taiiʼ /taiːʔ/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | tahi /tahi/ | tois /tois/ | — | tayꞌ /tajʔ/ |
| Love | gimbai /ɡimbai/ | ohunod /oˈhunod/ | sinta /sinta/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | holong /holoŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | lasa /lasa/ |
| Tree | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /ˈkaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | batang /bataŋ/ | hayu /haju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kahuy /kahuj/ |
| Dog | tasu /tasu/ | tasu /ˈtasu/ | asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | baliang /baliaŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | iruꞌ /iruʔ/ |
| Cat | tingau /tiŋau/ | tusing /ˈtusiŋ/ | posa /posa/ | pusa /pusa/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | — /—/ | kuting /kutiŋ/ |
| Fish | sadaʼ /ˈsadaʔ/ | sada /ˈsadaʔ/ | lauk /ˈlauk/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | ikan /ikan/ | istaꞌ /ʔisˈtaʔ/ |
| Bird | tombolog /tomboloɡ/ | tombolog /tomboloɡ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | manuk-manuk /manukˈmanuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | manuk-manuk /manukmanuk/ |
| Butterfly | kuhibambang /kuhibambaŋ/ | — | kakupu /kakupuʔ/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | ampul-ampul /ampulˈampul/ | — | kabaꞌ-kabaꞌ /kabaʔkabaʔ/ |
| Egg | tontolu /tontoluʔ/ | tontohuʼ /tontohuʔ/ | tanteluh /tantəluh/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | tinaruh /tinaruh/ | — | iklug /ʔikluɡ/ |
| Bear | bohuang /bohuaŋ/ | bouvang /bouvaŋ/ | bahuang /bahuaŋ/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | gipul /ɡipul/ | — | baluwang /baluwaŋ/ |
| Horse | kudaʼ /kudaʔ/ | kudaʼ /kudaʔ/ | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | huda /huda/ | — | kuraꞌ /kuraʔ/ |
| House | walai /walai/ | walai /waˈlai/ | huma /huma/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | bāy /baːj/ |
| Milk | gatas /ɡatas/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | dadih /dadih/ | susu /susu/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ |
| Honey | pahaʼ /pahaʔ/ | — | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | — | — | tunub /tunub/ |
| Salt | tusi /tusi/ | tusi /tusi/ | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | sira /sira/ | garam /ɡaram/ | asin /asin/ |
| Wine | waig dot anggur /waiɡ dot aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggor /aŋɡor/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — | tubig anggul /tubiɡ aŋɡul/ |
| Rice | wagas /waɡas/ | vagas /vaɡas/ | behas /behas/ | baras /baras/ | boras /boras/ | — | bugas /buɡas/ |
| Iron | basiʼ /basiʔ/ | bosiʼ /bosiʔ/ | wasi /wasi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | bosi /bosi/ | — | basiꞌ /basiʔ/ |
| Wheel | rudaʼ /rudaʔ/ | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | galapang /ɡalapaŋ/ | — | silikan /silikan/ |
| Silk | sutaraʼ /sutaraʔ/ | sutala /sutala/ | sutra /sutra/ | sutra /sutra/ | sitora /sitora/ | — | sutlaꞌ /sutlaʔ/ |
| Book | buuk /buːk/ | — | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | — | būk /buːk/ |
| Eat | mangakan /maŋakan/ | mangakan /maˈŋakan/ | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | makan /makan/ | kaun /kaʔun/ |
| Drink | monginum /moŋinum/ | monginum /moˈŋinum/ | mihop /mihop/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ |
| Sleep | modop /modop/ | modop /modop/ | batiruh /batiruh/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | modom /modom/ | tidur /tidur/ | matūg /maˈtuːɡ/ |
| One | iso /iso/ | iso /ˈiso/ | ije /ije/ | asa /asa/ | sada /sada/ | sa /sa/ | isa /isa/ |
| Two | duo /duwo/ | duvo /duvo/ | due /ˈdue/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | duwa /duwa/ |
| Three | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | telo /təlo/ | talu /talu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tlu /tlu/ | tū /tuː/ |
| Four | apat /apat/ | apat /apat/ | epat /əpat/ | ampat /ampat/ | opat /opat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | upat /upat/ |
| Five | limo /limo/ | limo /limo/ | lime /lime/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | hatus /hatus/ | hatus /hatus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | ratus /ratus/ | hanggatus /haŋɡaˈtus/ |
| Hello | kopivosian /kopivosian/ | kopivosian /kopiˈvosian/ | salamat /salamat/ | salam /salam/ | horas /horas/ | — /—/ | kumusta /kumusta/ |
| Thank you | pounsikou /pounsikou/ | pounsikou /pounˈsikou/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | diatebei /diatebei/ | — /—/ | magsukul /maɡsukul/ |
| Good | avasi /avasi/ | avasi /aˈvasi/ | bahalap /bahalap/ | bagus /baɡus/ | dear /dear/ | baik /baik/ | marayaw /marajaw/ |
| New | wagu /waɡu/ | vagu /vaɡu/ | taheta /taheta/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | baru /baru/ | — | baꞌgu /baʔɡu/ |
| Red | aragang /araɡaŋ/ | aragang /araɡaŋ/ | bahandang /bahandaŋ/ | habang /habaŋ/ | gerger /ɡerɡer/ | merah /merah/ | pula /puˈla/ |
| White | opurak /opurak/ | opurak /oˈpurak/ | baputi /baputi/ | putih /putih/ | lopak /lopak/ | putih /putih/ | maputiꞌ /mapuˈtiʔ/ |
| Black | oitom /oitom/ | oitom /oitom/ | babilem /babiləm/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | birong /biroŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | itum /ʔiˈtum/ |
| Green | otomou /otomou/ | otomou /oˈtomou/ | bahijau /bahidʒau/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | ratah /ratah/ | — | gaddung /ɡadduŋ/ |
| Blue | obulou /obulou/ | otomou /oˈtomou/ | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ | — | — | bilu /biˈlu/ |
| Computer | tokud /tokud/ | tokud /tokud/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | — | kompyuter /komˈpjutɛr/ |
| Tea | teh /teh/ | — | teh /teh/ | teh /teh/ | teh /teh/ | — | tī /tiː/ |
| Coffee | kupi /kupi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kopi /kopi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kopi /kopi/ | — | kahawa /kahawa/ |
| Sugar | gula /ɡula/ | gulaʼ /ɡulaʔ/ | — | gula /ɡula/ | gula /ɡula/ | — | sukal /sukal/ |
| Orange | limau /limau/ | limau /limau/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | siam nohopod om siam /siam nohopod om siam/ | — | jalatien puluh jalatien /dʒalatien puluh dʒalatien/ | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | — | — | kasiyaman tagsiyam /kasijaman taɡsijam/ |
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