Proto-Vietic
Proto-language (reconstructed) · historical / hidden variety
Proto-Vietic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Vietic branch of Austroasiatic — the branch that includes Vietnamese and Mường, spoken along the northern Annamite Range on the Vietnam–Laos border. It was still an atonal, sesquisyllabic Mon-Khmer language; the tones of Vietnamese arose only later, from lost final consonants and the voicing of initials, a development traced above all by Michel Ferlus.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Proto-Vietic
Sources
- Ferlus (2007) Lexique de racines Proto Viet-Muong
- Nguyễn Tài Cẩn (1995) Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Proto-language (reconstructed)
| Meaning | Proto-Vietic | Proto-Austroasiatic | Mường | Oscan | Rumai De'ang | Nicaraguan Sign Language | Scythian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | đác /ɗaːk/ | — /—/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fire | *-laːs /-laːs/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | cúi /kuj/ | — /—/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Sun | — /—/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | măt tlời /mat tləːj/ | — /—/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Moon | *b-laŋ /b-laŋ/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | tlăng /tlaŋ/ | — /—/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Star | *k-raːw /k-raːw/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | khao /kʰaːw/ | — /—/ | laːw /laːw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Night | *teːm /teːm/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | hôm /hom/ | — /—/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Rain | *k-maː /k-maː/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | mưa /mɨə/ | — | klaːj /klaːj/ | — | — |
| Earth | *tət /tət/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | tất /tət/ | teras /teras/ | kataːj /kataːj/ | — | — |
| Mother | *meːʔ /meːʔ/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | mệ /meː/ | maatúf /maːtof/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Father | *bɔːʔ /bɔːʔ/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | pổ /po/ | patír /patiːr/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| I | *soː /soː/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | ho /hɔ/ | egom /eɡom/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| You | *miː /miː/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | mầy /məj/ | tú /tuː/ | maj /maj/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| We | — /—/ | — /—/ | chúng tôi /cuŋ toj/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Name | — /—/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | tên /ten/ | númen /nuːmen/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Person | *ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | mõl /mɔl/ | — | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | — | — |
| Head | *k-loːk /k-loːk/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | tlốc /tlok/ | — | kən /kən/ | — | — |
| Eye | *mat /mat/ | *mat /mat/ | măt /mat/ | — /—/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | — /—/ | spou /spu/ |
| Ear | *saːj /saːj/ | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | thai /tʰaːj/ | — | ʨhok /tɕʰok/ | — | — |
| Nose | *muːs /muːs/ | *muh /muh/ | mũi /muj/ | — | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | — | — |
| Mouth | *mɛːŋʔ /mɛːŋʔ/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | mồm /mom/ | — | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | — | — |
| Tooth | *k-saŋ /k-saŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | thăng /tʰaŋ/ | — /—/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tongue | *laːs /laːs/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | lãi /laːj/ | fangva /faŋɡwa/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Hand | *siː /siː/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | thay /tʰaːi/ | manim /manim/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Foot | *ciɲ /ciɲ/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | chân /cən/ | — | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | — | — |
| Heart | — /—/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | nỏ /nɔ/ | — /—/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | *ɟaːŋ /ɟaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | xiêng /siəŋ/ | — /—/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | *t-muːʔ /t-muːʔ/ | *mham /mham/ | mảu /maw/ | — /—/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | thương /tʰɨəŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | *gəl /gəl/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | câl /kəl/ | — /—/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | *ʔa-cɔːʔ /ʔa-cɔːʔ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | chỏ /cɔ/ | — /—/ | sow /sow/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | mèo /mɛw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | *ʔa-kaːʔ /ʔa-kaːʔ/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | cả /kaː/ | — /—/ | kaː /kaː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Bird | *ciːm /ciːm/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | chim /cim/ | — | siːm /siːm/ | — | — |
| Egg | *k-ləːŋʔ /k-ləːŋʔ/ | *ktam /ktam/ | tlởng /tləːŋ/ | — | bəːn /bəːn/ | — | — |
| Bear | *c-guːʔ /c-guːʔ/ | — | củ /kuː/ | — | — | — | — |
| Horse | *m-ŋəːʔ /m-ŋəːʔ/ | — | ngữa /ŋɨə/ | — | — | — | — |
| House | *ɲaː /ɲaː/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | nhà /ɲaː/ | trííbúm /triːbom/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Milk | *p-rah /p-rah/ | — | khã /kʰaː/ | — | — | — | — |
| Salt | *ɓɔːjʔ /ɓɔːjʔ/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | bỏi /ɓɔːj/ | — | — | — | — |
| Eat | *ʔan /ʔan/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | ăn /an/ | edum /edum/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | *ʔɔːŋʔ /ʔɔːŋʔ/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | ỏng /ɔŋ/ | — /—/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| One | *moːc /moːc/ | *muːj /muːj/ | mộch /moːtʃ/ | — /—/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | — /—/ | arima /arima/ |
| Two | *haːr /haːr/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | hal /haːl/ | dús /duːs/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Three | *paː /paː/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | pa /paː/ | trís /triːs/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Four | *poːnʔ /poːnʔ/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | pổn /pon/ | pettiur /pettiur/ | phon /pʰon/ | — | — |
| Five | *ɗam /ɗam/ | *pɗam /pɗam/ | đăm /ɗam/ | — | — | — | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | đám rộ /ɗaːm roː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | cám ơn /kaːm ɤn/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | — /—/ | thốch /tʰoc/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| New | *ɓəːjʔ /ɓəːjʔ/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | mởi /məːj/ | — | tamaːj /tamaːj/ | — | — |
| Red | *tɔh /tɔh/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | tó /tɔ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| White | *k-laŋʔ /k-laŋʔ/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | tlẳng /tlaŋ/ | — | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | — | — |
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