Proto-Austroasiatic
Proto-language (reconstructed) · historical / hidden variety
Proto-Austroasiatic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austroasiatic family — Vietnamese, Khmer, Mon and the Munda languages of India, among some 160 languages. It is often placed in the Middle Mekong region of mainland Southeast Asia, though its date is disputed, with estimates ranging from about 5000 to 2000 BCE.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Proto-Austroasiatic
Sources
- Shorto (2006) A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary
- Sidwell & Blench (2011) The Austroasiatic Urheimat
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Proto-language (reconstructed)
| Meaning | Proto-Austroasiatic | Proto-Vietic | Khmu | Rumai De'ang | Old Mon | Proto-Afroasiatic | Mường |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | ʔom /ʔom/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | ဍာက် /ɗaik/ | *maw- /maw/ | đác /ɗaːk/ |
| Fire | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | *-laːs /-laːs/ | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | ပ်ၟ /pmaʔ/ | — /—/ | cúi /kuj/ |
| Sun | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | — /—/ | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | တ္ၚဲ /tŋai/ | — /—/ | măt tlời /mat tləːj/ |
| Moon | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | *b-laŋ /b-laŋ/ | moŋ /moŋ/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | ဂျိုၚ် /klɔŋ/ | — /—/ | tlăng /tlaŋ/ |
| Star | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | *k-raːw /k-raːw/ | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ | laːw /laːw/ | ကၟာဲ /həmoa/ | — /—/ | khao /kʰaːw/ |
| Night | *cəːm /cəːm/ | *teːm /teːm/ | psɨəm /psɨəm/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | ဗိရ္တံ /birtam/ | — /—/ | hôm /hom/ |
| Rain | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | *k-maː /k-maː/ | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ | klaːj /klaːj/ | ဗြဲ /brɔj/ | — | mưa /mɨə/ |
| Wind | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | — | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ | khuː /kʰuː/ | ကျာ /kjal/ | — | xỏ /sɔ/ |
| Earth | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | *tət /tət/ | pteʔ /pteʔ/ | kataːj /kataːj/ | တိ /tiʔ/ | — | tất /tət/ |
| Stone | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | — | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ | maːw /maːw/ | တၟံ /tmɔʔ/ | *ʔabun- /ʔabun/ | khũ /kʰu/ |
| Mountain | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | — | mok /mok/ | kɔŋ /kɔŋ/ | — | — | tồl /tol/ |
| Mother | *maʔ /maʔ/ | *meːʔ /meːʔ/ | maʔ /maʔ/ | — /—/ | မိ /mi/ | *ʔim- /ʔim/ | mệ /meː/ |
| Father | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | *bɔːʔ /bɔːʔ/ | joŋ /joŋ/ | — /—/ | ဖ /pʰɛʔ/ | *ʔab- /ʔab/ | pổ /po/ |
| I | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | *soː /soː/ | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | အဲ /ʔua/ | *ʔan- /ʔan/ | ho /hɔ/ |
| You | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | *miː /miː/ | meʔ /meʔ/ | maj /maj/ | ဗှ်ေ /peh/ | — /—/ | mầy /məj/ |
| We | — /—/ | — /—/ | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ | — /—/ | ပိုဲ /poj/ | — /—/ | chúng tôi /cuŋ toj/ |
| Name | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | — /—/ | sŋməh /sŋməh/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | ယု /jəmu/ | *sim- /sim/ | tên /ten/ |
| Person | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | *ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | gon /ɡon/ | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | ညး /mɲah/ | — | mõl /mɔl/ |
| Head | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | *k-loːk /k-loːk/ | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ | kən /kən/ | — | — | tlốc /tlok/ |
| Eye | *mat /mat/ | *mat /mat/ | mat /mat/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | မတ် /mɔt/ | *ʕayn- /ʕayn/ | măt /mat/ |
| Ear | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | *saːj /saːj/ | rəməj /rəməj/ | ʨhok /tɕʰok/ | က္တောဝ် /ktor/ | *ʔudun- /ʔudun/ | thai /tʰaːj/ |
| Nose | *muh /muh/ | *muːs /muːs/ | muh /muh/ | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | မိုဟ် /mɯh/ | — | mũi /muj/ |
| Mouth | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | *mɛːŋʔ /mɛːŋʔ/ | tənɔh /tənɔh/ | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | ပါၚ် /paiŋ/ | — | mồm /mom/ |
| Tooth | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | *k-saŋ /k-saŋ/ | hraŋ /hraŋ/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | ငေက် /ŋiak/ | — /—/ | thăng /tʰaŋ/ |
| Tongue | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | *laːs /laːs/ | həntak /həntak/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | ကတာက် /kətaik/ | *lis- /lis/ | lãi /laːj/ |
| Hand | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | *siː /siː/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | တၟုိ /toi/ | — /—/ | thay /tʰaːi/ |
| Foot | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | *ciɲ /ciɲ/ | krwɛh /krwɛh/ | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | ဇုၚ် /ɟɯŋ/ | — | chân /cən/ |
| Heart | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | — /—/ | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | စိုတ် /cət/ | *lib- /lib/ | nỏ /nɔ/ |
| Bone | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | *ɟaːŋ /ɟaːŋ/ | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | ဇုတ် /ɟut/ | *ḳas- /kʼas/ | xiêng /siəŋ/ |
| Blood | *mham /mham/ | *t-muːʔ /t-muːʔ/ | maːm /maːm/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | ဆိမ် /cʰim/ | *dam- /dam/ | mảu /maw/ |
| Poop | *ʔicʔ /ʔicʔ/ | — | — | — | — | — | é /ɛ/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ | — /—/ | ဆာန် /cʰan/ | — /—/ | thương /tʰɨəŋ/ |
| Tree | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | *gəl /gəl/ | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | ဆု /tɕu/ | — /—/ | câl /kəl/ |
| Dog | *cɔː /cɔː/ | *ʔa-cɔːʔ /ʔa-cɔːʔ/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | sow /sow/ | ခၠဵု /kʰlou/ | — /—/ | chỏ /cɔ/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | mɛːw /mɛːw/ | — /—/ | ဂျိ /kluj/ | — /—/ | mèo /mɛw/ |
| Fish | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | *ʔa-kaːʔ /ʔa-kaːʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kaː /kaː/ | က /kaʔ/ | — /—/ | cả /kaː/ |
| Bird | *ciːm /ciːm/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | sim /sim/ | siːm /siːm/ | ဂစေမ် /kəcem/ | — | chim /cim/ |
| Egg | *ktam /ktam/ | *k-ləːŋʔ /k-ləːŋʔ/ | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ | bəːn /bəːn/ | — | — | tlởng /tləːŋ/ |
| House | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | *ɲaː /ɲaː/ | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ | — /—/ | သ္ၚိ /sŋiʔ/ | — /—/ | nhà /ɲaː/ |
| Salt | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | *ɓɔːjʔ /ɓɔːjʔ/ | hmaar /hmaːr/ | — | — | — | bỏi /ɓɔːj/ |
| Rice | *rŋkoːʔ /rŋkoːʔ/ | — | ʰŋɔʔ /ʰŋɔʔ/ | — | — | — | — |
| Eat | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | *ʔan /ʔan/ | mah /mah/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | စိ /tɕiʔ/ | — /—/ | ăn /an/ |
| Drink | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | *ʔɔːŋʔ /ʔɔːŋʔ/ | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | သုက် /sok/ | — /—/ | ỏng /ɔŋ/ |
| Sleep | *ɓic /ɓic/ | — | sih /sih/ | ɁiɁ /ʔiʔ/ | — | — | táy /taj/ |
| One | *muːj /muːj/ | *moːc /moːc/ | moj /moj/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | မွဲ /mwɛ/ | — /—/ | mộch /moːtʃ/ |
| Two | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | *haːr /haːr/ | baar /baːr/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | ၜါ /ɓa/ | *sin- /sin/ | hal /haːl/ |
| Three | *peʔ /peʔ/ | *paː /paː/ | peʼ /peʔ/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | ပိ /poi/ | — /—/ | pa /paː/ |
| Four | *punʔ /punʔ/ | *poːnʔ /poːnʔ/ | pon /pon/ | phon /pʰon/ | ပန် /pan/ | — | pổn /pon/ |
| Five | *pɗam /pɗam/ | *ɗam /ɗam/ | — | — | မသုန် /msun/ | — | đăm /ɗam/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | lɔh /lɔh/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | đám rộ /ɗaːm roː/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | cám ơn /kaːm ɤn/ |
| Good | — /—/ | — /—/ | ləʔ /ləʔ/ | — /—/ | ခိုဟ် /kʰɔh/ | — /—/ | thốch /tʰoc/ |
| New | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | *ɓəːjʔ /ɓəːjʔ/ | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ | tamaːj /tamaːj/ | — | — | mởi /məːj/ |
| Red | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | *tɔh /tɔh/ | jim /jim/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | tó /tɔ/ |
| White | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | *k-laŋʔ /k-laŋʔ/ | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | ဗ္တာၚ် /bətaiŋ/ | — | tlẳng /tlaŋ/ |
| Black | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | — | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ | Ɂivɔŋ /ʔivɔŋ/ | — | — | dầm /jəm/ |
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