Proto-Dravidian

Proto-language (reconstructed) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyProto-language (reconstructed) SpeakersExtinct (hypothetical) ScriptNone / reconstructed CountriesSouthern / central India (hypothetical) Official inNone Vitalityextinct

Proto-Dravidian is the reconstructed ancestor of the Dravidian family of southern and central India (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and others). It is variously dated to roughly the 4th–3rd millennium BCE; the absolute date is unsettled, and recent Bayesian phylogenetic work (Kolipakam et al. 2018) estimates the family root near ~2500 BCE. Some scholars link it to the Indus region, though this remains unproven.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Proto-Dravidian

Water

*nīr

nīr

Fire

*tī

tī

Sun

*poẓutu

poɻutu

Moon

*nilā

nilā

Star

*cukkV

tʃukkV

Night

*irā

iraː

Rain

*maẓ-

maẓ

Wind

*waḷi

waɭi

Earth

*maṇ

maɳ

Stone

*kal

kal

Mother

*amma

amma

Father

*appa

appa

Daughter

*makaḷ

makaɭ

I

*yān

jaːn

You

*nī

nī

We

*ñām / *yām

ɲaːm / jaːm

Name

*peyar

pejar

Person

*āḷ

aːɭ

Head

*talay

talay

Eye

*kaṇ

kaṇ

Ear

*kewi

kewi

Nose

*mūkku

muːkku

Mouth

*wāy

waːj

Tooth

*pal

pal

Tongue

*nākku

naːkːu

Hand

*kay

kay

Foot

*kāl

kaːl

Heart

*neñcu

neñcu

Bone

*elumpu

elumpu

Blood

*nettur

nettur

Poop

*pī

piː

Love

—

—

Tree

*maram

maram

Dog

*nāy

nāy

Cat

—

—

Fish

*mīn

miːn

Bird

*puḷ

puɭ

House

*il

il

Milk

*pāl

pāl

Honey

*tēn

teːn

Salt

*cuppu

cuppu

Rice

*wariñci

wariɲtʃi

Eat

*uṇ

uṇ

Drink

*kuṭi

kuṭi

Sleep

*tuñc-

tuɲtʃ

One

*oru

oru

Two

*iraṇṭu

iraṇṭu

Three

*mūnṯu

muːnʈu

Four

*nāl

naːl

Five

*caymtu

tʃajntu

Hundred

*nūṟu

nuːru

Hello

—

—

Thank you

—

—

Good

*nal

nal

New

*putV-

putV

Red

*cem-

cem

White

*veḷ-

veḷ

Black

*kār

kaːr

Green

*pac-

patʃ

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Proto-language (reconstructed)

Meaning Proto-DravidianTamilIrulaKodavaTuluKannadaKuvi
Water *nīr /nīr/ நீர் /niːɾ/ nīr /niːɾ/ ನೀರ್ /niːrɨ/ ನೀರ್ /niːɾ/ ನೀರು /niːɾu/ ēju /eːju/
Fire *tī /tī/ தீ /tiː/ tī /tiː/ ತಿತ್ತ್ /tittɨ/ ತೂ /tuː/ ಬೆಂಕಿ /beŋki/ — /—/
Sun *poẓutu /poɻutu/ சூரியன் /suːɾijan/ čūriyen /tʃuːɾijen/ ಸೂರ್ಯ /suːrja/ ಸೂರ್ಯೆ /suːɾje/ ಸೂರ್ಯ /suːɾja/ wēḍa /ʋeːɖa/
Moon *nilā /nilā/ நிலா /nilaː/ niḷā /niɭaː/ ನೆಲಚಿ /nelatʃi/ ತಿಂಗೊಳು /tiŋɡoɭu/ ಚಂದ್ರ /tʃandɾa/ lēnʒu /leːndʒu/
Star *cukkV /tʃukkV/ நட்சத்திரம் /naʈɕat̪t̪iɾam/ naṭčattiram /naʈtʃatːiɾam/ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ /nakʂatra/ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ /nakʂat̪ra/ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ /nakʂat̪ra/ hukka /hukka/
Night *irā /iraː/ இரவு /iɾaʋu/ ravu /ravu/ ಬಯಿಟ್ /bajiʈɨ/ ರಾತ್ರೆ /ɾaːtɾe/ ರಾತ್ರಿ /raːt̪ri/ nekeri /nekeri/
Rain *maẓ- /maẓ/ மழை /ˈmaɻai/ — ಮಳೆ /maɭe/ ಮಳೆ /ˈmaɭe/ ಮಳೆ /ˈmaɭe/ bela /bela/
Wind *waḷi /waɭi/ காற்று /kaːtru/ — ಗಾಳಿ /ɡaːɭi/ ಗಾಳಿ /ɡaːɭi/ ಗಾಳಿ /ɡaːɭi/ gāli /ɡaːli/
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