Proto-Mongolic
Proto-language (reconstructed) · historical / hidden variety
Proto-Mongolic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Mongolic family — Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk-Oirat and others. It is usually placed in northeastern Mongolia and Manchuria around the early second millennium CE (roughly the 11th–13th centuries), shortly before Middle Mongol, and is well reconstructed.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Proto-Mongolic
Sources
- Janhunen (2003) The Mongolic Languages
- Nugteren (2011) Mongolic Phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu Languages
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Proto-language (reconstructed)
| Meaning | Proto-Mongolic | Classical Mongolian | Middle Mongol | Eastern Yugur | Daur | Buryat | Kalmyk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | qusun /qusun/ | oso /oso/ | уһан /uhan/ | усн /usn/ |
| Fire | *gal /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ | gali /ɡali/ | гал /ɡal/ | һал /ɣal/ |
| Sun | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | naran /naran/ | nara /nara/ | наран /naran/ | нарн /narn/ |
| Moon | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | sara /sara/ | sarūla /saruːla/ | һара /hara/ | сар /sar/ |
| Star | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | hodən /hodən/ | odə /odə/ | одон /odoŋ/ | одн /odn/ |
| Night | *söni /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | søønə /søːnə/ | suni /suni/ | һүни /hyni/ | сө /sø/ |
| Rain | *kura /kura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | xura /χura/ | huar /huar/ | бороо /bɔrɔː/ | хур /xur/ |
| Snow | *časun /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | čas /tʃas/ | саһан /sahaŋ/ | цасн /tsasn/ |
| Wind | *salkïn /salkin/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | salɢən /salɢən/ | kein /kein/ | һалхин /halxin/ | салькн /salʲˈkn̩/ |
| Earth | *gaǰar /ɡadʒar/ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɡadʒar/ | ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠷ /qadʒar/ | ʃəruu /ʃəruː/ | gaǯiri /ɡadʒiri/ | шорой /ʃoroj/ | һазр /ɣazr/ |
| Stone | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | čolō /tʃoloː/ | шулуун /ʃuluːŋ/ | чолун /tʃolun/ |
| Mountain | *huɣula /huɣula/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | — | uula /uːla/ | aulə /aulə/ | уула /uːla/ | уул /uːl/ |
| Sea | *dalai /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | dalii /daliː/ | dalje /dalje/ | далай /dalaj/ | теңгс /teŋɡs/ |
| Mother | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | hge /hɡe/ | ewe: /eweː/ | эхэ /exe/ | ээҗ /eːdʒ/ |
| Father | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | ečige /etʃiɡe/ | эсэгэ /eseɡe/ | эцк /etsəˈkə/ |
| Daughter | *ökin /økin/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | — | — | басаган /basaɡan/ | күүкн /kyːkn/ |
| I | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bə /bə/ | bi /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ |
| You | *či /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | tʃə /tʃə/ | sí /si/ | ши /ʃi/ | чи /tʃi/ |
| We | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | bide / ba: /bide / baː/ | бидэ /bide/ | бидн /bidn̩/ |
| Name | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | nere /nere/ | nera /nera/ | нэрэ /nere/ | нерн /nern/ |
| Person | *kümün /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | kuun /kuːn/ | kū /kuː/ | хүн /xyŋ/ | күн /kyn/ |
| Head | *tolagaï /tolaɡai/ | ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ /toloɣai/ | — | toloʁui /toloʁui/ | oki /oki/ | толгой /tolɡoj/ | толһа /tolɣa/ |
| Eye | *nidün /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | nudun /nudun/ | nid /nid/ | нюдэн /nʲuden/ | нүдн /nyˈdn̩/ |
| Ear | *čikin /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | čikə /tʃikə/ | шэхэн /ʃexen/ | чикн /tʃikn/ |
| Nose | *kamar /kamar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | xawar /χawar/ | hamara /hamara/ | хамар /xamar/ | хамр /xamr/ |
| Mouth | *aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | aman /aman/ | ama /ama/ | аман /aman/ | амн /amn̩/ |
| Tooth | *sidün /sidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | sídə /sidə/ | шүдэн /ʃyden/ | шүдн /ʃydn̩/ |
| Tongue | *kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | keli /keli/ | хэлэн /xelen/ | келн /keln̩/ |
| Hand | *gar /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ | gari /ɡari/ | гар /ɡar/ | һар /ɣar/ |
| Foot | *köl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | køl /køl/ | kuli /kuli/ | хүл /xyl/ | көл /køl/ |
| Heart | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | ǯurəgə /dʒurəɡə/ | зүрхэн /zyrxen/ | зүркн /zyrˈkən/ |
| Bone | *yasun /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | yasən /jasən/ | yas /jas/ | яһан /jahaŋ/ | ясн /jasn̩/ |
| Blood | *čisun /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | čos /tʃos/ | шуһан /ʃuhaŋ/ | цусн /tsusn̩/ |
| Love | — /—/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | дуран /duran/ | дурлх /durlx/ |
| Tree | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | mo:də /moːdə/ | модон /modon/ | модн /moˈdn̩/ |
| Dog | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | noxqui /noχqui/ | nogə /noɡə/ | нохой /noxoj/ | ноха /noxa/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | миисгэй /miːsɡej/ | мис /mis/ |
| Fish | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | ǯagusa /dʒaɡusa/ | загаһан /zaɡaˈhaŋ/ | заһсн /zaɣsn̩/ |
| Bird | *sibaɣun /sibaɣun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃibaɣu/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤᠨ /ʃibaun/ | ʃuun /ʃuːn/ | degi /deɡi/ | шубуун /ʃubuːn/ | шовун /ʃowun/ |
| Butterfly | *herbekei /herbekei/ | ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠬᠡᠢ /erbekei/ | — | — | — | эрбээхэй /erbeːxej/ | эрвәкә /erwækæ/ |
| Egg | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | bala /bala/ | əndugu /ənduɡu/ | үндэгэн /yndeɡen/ | өндгн /øndɡn̩/ |
| Horse | *morïn /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | — | — | морин /morin/ | мөрн /møˈrn̩/ |
| House | *ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | geri /ɡeri/ | гэр /ɡer/ | гер /ɡer/ |
| Milk | *sün /syn/ | ᠰᠦᠨ /syn/ | — | — | — | һүн /hyn/ | үсн /ysn̩/ |
| Honey | *bal /bal/ | ᠪᠠᠯ /bal/ | — | — | — | бал /bal/ | бал /bal/ |
| Salt | *dabusun /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ | hata: /hataː/ | дабһан /dabhan/ | давсн /davsn/ |
| Iron | *temür /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | — | — | түмэр /tymer/ | төмр /tøˈmər/ |
| Eat | *ide- /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | ede /ede/ | idə- /idə/ | эдихэ /edixe/ | идх /itˈxə/ |
| Drink | *uu- /uu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | uu /uː/ | o: /oː/ | ууха /uːxa/ | уух /uːx/ |
| Sleep | *unta- /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | nda /nda/ | wante- /wante/ | унтаха /untaxa/ | унтх /untx/ |
| One | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | niɣe /niɣe/ | nəka /nəka/ | нэгэн /neɡen/ | негн /neɡn/ |
| Two | *koyar /kojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | hoira /hoira/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ | хойр /xojr/ |
| Three | *gurban /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | guarwe /ɡuarwe/ | гурбан /ɡurban/ | һурвн /ɣurwn̩/ |
| Four | *dörben /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | dørwen /dørwen/ | durwe /durwe/ | дүрбэн /dyrben/ | дөрвн /dørwn̩/ |
| Five | *tabun /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | taawən /taːwən/ | ta:w /taːw/ | табан /taban/ | тавн /tawn/ |
| Hundred | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | — | зуун /zuːn/ | зун /zun/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | сайн байна /sajn bajna/ | менд /mend/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | баярлаа /bajarlaː/ | ханҗанав /xandʒanav/ |
| Good | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | sain /sajn/ | sain /sain/ | һайн /hajn/ | сән /sæn/ |
| New | *sine /sine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | śinken /ʃinken/ | шэнэ /ʃene/ | шин /ʃin/ |
| Red | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | ulān /ulaːn/ | улаан /ʊˈlaːŋ/ | улан /ulan/ |
| White | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | čigān /tʃiɡaːn/ | сагаан /saɡaːŋ/ | цаһан /tsaɣan/ |
| Black | *kara /kara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | xara /χara/ | xar /xar/ | хара /xara/ | хар /xar/ |
| Green | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | — | ногоон /noˈɡoːŋ/ | ноһан /noˈɣan/ |
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