Proto-Austronesian
Proto-language (reconstructed) · historical / hidden variety
Proto-Austronesian (PAN) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian family — one of the world's largest, spanning from Madagascar to Easter Island. It is generally placed on Taiwan around 4000–3000 BCE, before the great maritime expansion across Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific; the reconstruction — pioneered by Dempwolff and later refined by Dyen and especially Blust and Starosta — draws heavily on the divergent Formosan languages, whose decisive importance for high-order subgrouping was recognized only after Dempwolff, whose own reconstruction rested on Malayo-Polynesian witnesses.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Proto-Austronesian
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Proto-language (reconstructed)
| Meaning | Proto-Austronesian | Old Malay | Pazeh | Bukar-Sadong Bidayuh | Bunun | Mandar | Old Cham |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | *daNum /daNum/ | air /air/ | dalum /dalum/ | umoʼ /umoʔ/ | danum /danum/ | uai /uai/ | ie /ʔiə/ |
| Fire | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | apui /aˈpui/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | api /api/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ |
| Sun | *waRi /waRi/ | matari /matari/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | batŭh andu /batəh andu/ | vali /vali/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | huriy /hurij/ |
| Moon | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | ilas /ilas/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | buan /buan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | mintol /mintol/ | bintŭʼ /bintəʔ/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ |
| Night | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | xinian /xinian/ | bengaru /bəŋaru/ | labian /labian/ | bongi /boŋi/ | malam /malam/ |
| Rain | *quzaN /quzaN/ | — | udan /udan/ | — | qudan /qudan/ | urang /uˈraŋ/ | — |
| Snow | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | hahela /hahela/ | — | paav /paav/ | — | — |
| Wind | *bali /bali/ | — | bari /baɾi/ | — | luvluv /luvluv/ | angin /aŋin/ | — |
| Earth | *taneq /taneq/ | — | daxe /daxəʔ/ | tanaʼ /tanaʔ/ | dalah /dalah/ | litaq /litaʔ/ | — |
| Stone | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /baˈtu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ |
| Mountain | *bukij /bukij/ | — | — | — | ludun /ludun/ | buttu /butːu/ | — |
| Sea | *tenem /tenem/ | — | awas /awas/ | — | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | — |
| Mother | *ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | ina /ina/ | andŭ /andə/ | tina /tina/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | inā /ina/ |
| Father | *ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | aba /aba/ | amang /amaŋ/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | amā /ama/ |
| I | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | yaku /jaku/ | aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | iyau /ijau/ | ku /ku/ |
| You | *iSu /iSu/ | kamu /kamu/ | isiu /isiu/ | amuʼ /amuʔ/ | suu /suʔu/ | io /iʔo/ | hã /haː/ |
| We | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | ami /ami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Name | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ganan /ɡanan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | sanga /saŋa/ | angan /aŋan/ |
| Person | *Cau /tsau/ | — | saw /saw/ | — | bunun /bunun/ | tau /tau/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ |
| Head | *quluh /quluh/ | — | punu /punu/ | — | bungu /buŋu/ | ulu /ulu/ | — |
| Eye | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | bateh /baˈteh/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ |
| Ear | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | — | sainga /saiŋa/ | kaping /kaˈpiŋ/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | — |
| Nose | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | — | muzing /muziŋ/ | undung /unduŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ |
| Tooth | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | jipeu /dʒipeu/ | nipun /nipun/ | isi /isi/ | tagai /taɡaj/ |
| Tongue | *Sema /Sema/ | lidah /lidah/ | dahama /dahama/ | jeli /dʒeli/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lila /lila/ | dalah /dalah/ |
| Hand | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /ɾima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | taŋin /taŋin/ |
| Foot | *qaqay /qaqay/ | — | karaw /kaɾaw/ | — | bantas /bantas/ | — | takai /takai/ |
| Heart | *pusuq /pusuq/ | hati /hati/ | baga /baɡa/ | sintung /sintuŋ/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | ate /ate/ | hatai /hatai/ |
| Bone | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | bul /bul/ | turang /turaŋ/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | buku /buku/ | talang /talaŋ/ |
| Blood | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | damu /damu/ | daya /daja/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | darah /darah/ |
| Poop | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | — | — | taki /taki/ | taki /taki/ | tai /tai/ | — |
| Love | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | klɛn /klɛn/ |
| Tree | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kayu /kaju/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kayuh /kaˈjuh/ | kahu /kahu/ | kaju /kaju/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ |
| Dog | *asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | wazu /wazu/ | kasung /kasuŋ/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | mio /mio/ | mɛw /mɛw/ |
| Fish | *Sikan /Sikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | alaw /alaw/ | ekan /ekan/ | iskan /iskan/ | bau /ˈbau/ | ikan /ikan/ |
| Bird | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | ayam /ajam/ | — | hazam /hazam/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | cim /tʃim/ |
| Butterfly | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | — | — | — | balikuan /balikuan/ | — | — |
| Egg | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | — | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | — | lububunun /lububunun/ | talloq /talːoʔ/ | — |
| Bear | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — | buhang /buˈhaŋ/ | tumaz /tumað/ | — | — |
| House | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | xuma /xuma/ | ramin /raˈmin/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ |
| Salt | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | garam /ɡaram/ | pahah /pahah/ | — | hasila /hasila/ | sia /sia/ | — |
| Rice | *beRas /beRas/ | — | — | — | cilas /tsilas/ | baras /baras/ | — |
| Eat | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | mekan /məkan/ | maʼan /maʔan/ | maun /maun/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | bɔh /bɔh/ |
| Drink | *inum /inum/ | minum /minum/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | nyihŭp /ɲihəp/ | muqun /muqun/ | minung /minuŋ/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ |
| Sleep | *tuduR /tuduR/ | tidur /tidur/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | — | masabah /masabah/ | matindro /matindro/ | — |
| One | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | adang /adaŋ/ | indi /indi/ | tasa /tasa/ | mesa /mesa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Two | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dusa /dusa/ | duɔh /duɔh/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | *telu /telu/ | tlu /tlu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | taruh /taːruh/ | tau /tau/ | tallu /talːu/ | klau /klau/ |
| Four | *Sepat /səpat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | supat /supat/ | umpat /umpat/ | paat /paːt/ | appe /apːe/ | pāt /paːt/ |
| Five | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | rimah /riməh/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | *RaCus /RaCus/ | ratus /ratus/ | haten /hatən/ | siratus /siraːtus/ | saba /saba/ | sangatus /saŋatus/ | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | paaguh /paːɡuh/ | masial /masial/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | siam /siam/ |
| New | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | — | xias /xias/ | — | bahlu /baɬu/ | baru /baru/ | — |
| Red | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | merah /merah/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | bidayak /bidajak/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mamea /mamea/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ |
| White | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | — | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | mapute /mapute/ | patih /patih/ |
| Black | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hitam /hitam/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | — | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Woof | *qawqaw /qawqaw/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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