Lavüa
Lawa orientale
Austroasiatica
Il lawa orientale (lavüa) è una lingua mon-khmer del sottogruppo palaungico, parlata dalla tribù montana lawa della Thailandia settentrionale. Si ritiene che i Lawa siano una delle più antiche popolazioni superstiti dell'Asia sudorientale continentale, precedenti alle migrazioni tai-kadai nell'area. Coltivano riso a terrazze nelle valli d'altura di Mae Hong Son e Chiang Mai. La scissione tra lawa orientale e occidentale (lwl + lcp) riflette l'isolamento geografico e i modelli migratori storici. Dal punto di vista linguistico, il lawa presenta tratti palaungici classici: tono di registro, fonologia sesquisillabica (con presillabe ridotte) e ordine dei costituenti SVO con tendenze a verbo finale in stile antico mon-khmer. L'UNESCO lo classifica come sicuramente in pericolo, con la trasmissione intergenerazionale in gran parte perduta.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in lawa orientale
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austroasiatica
| Significato | Lawa orientale | Wa | Lingua wa parauk | Palaung shwe | Proto-austroasiatico | De'ang rumai | Khmu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | lʼauem /lᵊʔaɨ̯m/ | rawm /rɔm/ | rom /rɔm/ | ʔoːm /ʔoːm/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | ʔom /ʔom/ |
| Fuoco | ngoa /ŋɔ/ | ngu /ŋu/ | ngū /ŋṳ/ | ŋər /ŋar/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ |
| Sole | sngaiʼ /sᵊŋajˀ/ | singaix /siŋaiʔ/ | si ngāix /siŋa̤iʔ/ | səŋi /saŋiː/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ |
| Luna | kheʼ /kʰeʔ/ | khix /kʰiʔ/ | kix /kʰiʔ/ | plaŋ kiər /plaŋ kiər/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | moŋ /moŋ/ |
| Stella | sboeng /sᵊɓəŋ/ | simuing /simʔuɲ/ | sim uing /sim ʔuɲ/ | səmiŋ /səmiŋ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | laːw /laːw/ | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ |
| Notte | ma sauem /ma saɨ̯m/ | ponsawm /ponsɔm/ | som /sɔm/ | hmɯ /m̥ɯ/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | psɨəm /psɨəm/ |
| Pioggia | hlaiʼ /l̥ajˀ/ | lhiex /l̥ɛʔ/ | hliex /lʰɛʔ/ | ɟuŋ /ɟuŋ/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | klaːj /klaːj/ | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ |
| Vento | kaue /kaɨ̯/ | bhaung /bʰaɯŋ/ | npaeng /bʰaɯŋ/ | khuːr /kʰuːr/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | khuː /kʰuː/ | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ |
| Pietra | smoʼ /sᵊmoʔ/ | simaox /simauʔ/ | si māox /sima̤uʔ/ | mo /mo/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | maːw /maːw/ | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ |
| Montagna | moa /mɔ/ | gawng /ɡɔŋ/ | mgōng /ɡɔ̤ŋ/ | sor /sor/ | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | kɔŋ /kɔŋ/ | mok /mok/ |
| Madre | maʼ /maʔ/ | miex /mɛʔ/ | mīex /mɛ̤ʔ/ | ma /ma/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | — /—/ | maʔ /maʔ/ |
| Padre | pueaʼ /pɨaʔ/ | keeing /kɯɲ/ | geeing /kɯɲ/ | kun /kun/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | — /—/ | joŋ /joŋ/ |
| Io | ʔoʔ /ʔoʔ/ | aux /ʔaɯʔ/ | aex /ʔaɯʔ/ | ʔɔ /ʔɔ/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ |
| Tu | maiʔ /maiʔ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | mi /miː/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | maj /maj/ | meʔ /meʔ/ |
| Noi | ʔɛ /ʔɛ/ | ix /ʔiʔ/ | eix / ix /ʔeʔ / ʔiʔ/ | ʔɛ / jɛ /ʔɛ / jɛ/ | *hiːʔ /hiːʔ/ | — /—/ | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ |
| Nome | yum /jɔm/ | ceu kaux /tɕɤ kaɯʔ/ | jē gaex /tɕɤ̤ kaɯʔ/ | ʨɨː /ʨɨː/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | sŋməh /sŋməh/ |
| Persona | pui /puj/ | pui /pui/ | būi /pṳi/ | bi /bi/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | gon /ɡon/ |
| Testa | kany /kaɲ/ | kaing: /kaɲ/ | gaing /kaɲ/ | kiŋ /kiŋ/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | kən /kən/ | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ |
| Occhio | ʼia /ʔia̯/ | ngai /ŋai/ | ngai /ŋai/ | ŋaj /ŋaːj/ | *mat /mat/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | mat /mat/ |
| Naso | maueh /maɨ̯h/ | meeih /mɯih/ | mēeih /mɯ̤ih/ | kɔŋmuh /kɔŋmuh/ | *muh /muh/ | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | muh /muh/ |
| Bocca | ʼmboam /ʔᵊᵐbɔm/ | jheeh /dʑʰɯih/ | nqeeih /dʑʰɯih/ | mur /mur/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | tənɔh /tənɔh/ |
| Dente | pioeng /piə̯ŋ/ | rhang /r̥aŋ/ | hrang /rʰaŋ/ | hraŋ /r̥aːŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | hraŋ /hraŋ/ |
| Lingua | tak /tak/ | dak /dak/ | ndag /dak/ | kərta /kərɗaʔ/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | həntak /həntak/ |
| Mano | miŋ /miŋ/ | taix /taiʔ/ | daix /taiʔ/ | ti /ɗiː/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ |
| Piede | cuang /cua̯ŋ/ | caong /tʃaɔŋ/ | jāong /tɕa̤uŋ/ | ɟɯŋ /ɟɯŋ/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | krwɛh /krwɛh/ |
| Cuore | kavüa /kavɨa/ | rhawm /r̥ɔm/ | hrom /rʰɔm/ | nuər /nuər/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ |
| Osso | sʼang /sᵊʔaŋ/ | si-ang /siʔaŋ/ | si ang /siʔaŋ/ | kəʔaŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ |
| Sangue | hnam /n̥am/ | nham /n̥am/ | hnam /nʰam/ | hnam /n̥aːm/ | *mham /mham/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | maːm /maːm/ |
| Cacca | ʼioeng /ʔiə̯ŋ/ | aing /ʔaɲ/ | aing /ʔaɲ/ | — | *ʔicʔ /ʔicʔ/ | — | — |
| Amore | kruŋ /kɾuŋ/ | moh /moh/ | mōuh /mo̤h/ | ʔoŋ /ʔoŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ |
| Albero | khoʼ /kʰoʔ/ | khaox /kʰauʔ/ | kaox /kʰauʔ/ | tiŋ he /tiŋ he/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ |
| Cane | souʼ /sɒʔ/ | sox /soʔ/ | soux /soʔ/ | sɔ /sɔ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | sow /sow/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ |
| Gatto | mai /mai/ | miao: /miau/ | miao /miau/ | ʔəŋaw /ʔəŋaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mɛːw /mɛːw/ |
| Pesce | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kax /kaʔ/ | gax /kaʔ/ | ka /kaː/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | kaː /kaː/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Uccello | sany /saɲ/ | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | siːm /siːm/ | sim /sim/ |
| Farfalla | mbung mbang /ᵐbuŋ ᵐbaŋ/ | pung piang /puŋ piaŋ/ | būng bīang /pṳŋ pi̤aŋ/ | kərla /kərla/ | — | — | tlaːmpaːm /tlaːmpaːm/ |
| Uovo | toum /tɒm/ | tawm ia /tɔm ʔia/ | dom /tɔm/ | kadam /kaɗam/ | *ktam /ktam/ | bəːn /bəːn/ | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ |
| Orso | khleh /kʰleh/ | krih /krih/ | grih /krih/ | khrer /kʰrer/ | — | — | huəl /huəl/ |
| Casa | nyueaʼ /ɲɨa̯ʔ/ | nyiex /ɲiɛʔ/ | nyīex /ɲi̤ɛʔ/ | gaŋ /ɡaŋ/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | — /—/ | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ |
| Sale | kih /kih/ | kih /kih/ | gīh /ki̤h/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | — | hmaar /hmaːr/ |
| Ferro | hlaec /l̥ɛc/ | lhek /l̥ek/ | hleig /lʰek/ | hir /hir/ | — | — | cndroh /cndroh/ |
| Mangiare | som /som/ | ih /ʔih/ | ih /ʔih/ | hɔm /hɔm/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | mah /mah/ |
| Bere | nyoʼ /ɲoʔ/ | nyaux /ɲaɯʔ/ | nyāex /ɲa̤ɯʔ/ | tiəŋ /tiəŋ/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ |
| Dormire | ʼac /ʔac/ | it /ʔit/ | id /ʔit/ | ʔit /ʔit/ | *ɓic /ɓic/ | ɁiɁ /ʔiʔ/ | sih /sih/ |
| Uno | teʼ /teʔ/ | tix /tiʔ/ | dīx /ti̤ʔ/ | ʔu /ʔu/ | *muːj /muːj/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | moj /moj/ |
| Due | lʼa /lᵊʔa/ | ra /ra/ | ra /ra/ | ʔar /ʔar/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | baar /baːr/ |
| Tre | lʼoi /lᵊʔoj/ | loe /lɤ/ | loui /loi/ | ʔuəj /ʔuaj/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | peʼ /peʔ/ |
| Quattro | paueng /paɨ̯ŋ/ | pon /pon/ | boun /pon/ | phon /pʰon/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | phon /pʰon/ | pon /pon/ |
| Cinque | phuan /pʰua̯n/ | phuan /pʰuan/ | puan /pʰuan/ | phən /pʰən/ | *pɗam /pɗam/ | — | — |
| Cento | ʼyuea /ʔᵊjɨa̯/ | yieh /jiɛh/ | yīeh /ʑi̤ɛh/ | pəriah /pəriah/ | — | — | — |
| Ciao | — /—/ | nawp nawm /nɔp nɔm/ | nob nom /nɔp nɔm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | lɔh /lɔh/ |
| Grazie | kop khun /kop kʰun/ | bwanson /buan son/ | nbuan soun /buan son/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ |
| Buono | mac /mac/ | mhawm /m̥ɔm/ | hmom /mʰɔm/ | laʔ /laʔ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ləʔ /ləʔ/ |
| Nuovo | khroʼ /kʰroʔ/ | khraox /kʰrauʔ/ | kraox /kʰrauʔ/ | kənmɛ /kənmɛ/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | tamaːj /tamaːj/ | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ |
| Rosso | skhrak /sᵊkʰrak/ | raoh /rauh/ | raoh /rauh/ | kho /kʰo/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | — /—/ | jim /jim/ |
| Bianco | ping /piŋ/ | paing /paɲ/ | bāing /pa̤ɲ/ | blɔʔ /blɔʔ/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ |
| Nero | loang /lɔŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | lūng /lṳŋ/ | jim /jim/ | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | Ɂivɔŋ /ʔivɔŋ/ | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ |
| Verde | snga /sᵊŋa/ | klai /klai/ | glāi /kla̤i/ | ɲər /ɲər/ | *kciʔ /kciʔ/ | niɨ /niɨ/ | siw /siw/ |
| Blu | snga /sᵊŋa/ | — | glāi /kla̤i/ | kjo /kjo/ | — | — | siːw /siːw/ |
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