pa̠rauk
Lingua wa parauk
Austroasiatica (Palaungic)
Il parauk wa (ISO 639-3: prk), chiamato anche wa o paraok, è una lingua waica del ramo palaungico della famiglia austroasiatica, parlata da circa 399.000–849.000 persone nel Myanmar nordorientale e nell’adiacente Yunnan cinese. È la varietà wa più numerosa e più ampiamente standardizzata, accanto ad altre varietà come awa e vo. Il suo sistema fonologico oppone registri chiaro e soffiato, presenta un vasto inventario di consonanti iniziali e nessi consonantici e non prevede flessione verbale; tempo, aspetto, modalità e negazione sono espressi soprattutto mediante particelle. Sia l’ordine VSO sia l’ordine SVO sono comuni, e la struttura informativa ne influenza la scelta. Il parauk è scritto con diverse ortografie a base latina, fra cui una derivata dalle traduzioni bibliche e i successivi sistemi dello Stato Wa e della Cina.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in lingua wa parauk
Fonti
- Justin Watkins 2013, Dictionary of Wa (Leiden: Brill; online database, SOAS Wa Dictionary Project, humancomp.org/wadict), Wa-CN (Chinese Wa orthography) headwords and IPA; en.wiktionary Parauk lemmas (refs Watkins 2013); Wa Bible (bible.com 325) for usage
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austroasiatica (Palaungic)
| Significato | Lingua wa parauk | Wa | Lawa orientale | De'ang rumai | Khmu | Proto-austroasiatico | Palaung shwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | rom /rɔm/ | rawm /rɔm/ | lʼauem /lᵊʔaɨ̯m/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | ʔom /ʔom/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | ʔoːm /ʔoːm/ |
| Fuoco | ngū /ŋṳ/ | ngu /ŋu/ | ngoa /ŋɔ/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | ŋər /ŋar/ |
| Sole | si ngāix /siŋa̤iʔ/ | singaix /siŋaiʔ/ | sngaiʼ /sᵊŋajˀ/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | səŋi /saŋiː/ |
| Luna | kix /kʰiʔ/ | khix /kʰiʔ/ | kheʼ /kʰeʔ/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | moŋ /moŋ/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | plaŋ kiər /plaŋ kiər/ |
| Stella | sim uing /sim ʔuɲ/ | simuing /simʔuɲ/ | sboeng /sᵊɓəŋ/ | laːw /laːw/ | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | səmiŋ /səmiŋ/ |
| Notte | som /sɔm/ | ponsawm /ponsɔm/ | ma sauem /ma saɨ̯m/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | psɨəm /psɨəm/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | hmɯ /m̥ɯ/ |
| Pioggia | hliex /lʰɛʔ/ | lhiex /l̥ɛʔ/ | hlaiʼ /l̥ajˀ/ | klaːj /klaːj/ | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | ɟuŋ /ɟuŋ/ |
| Neve | hra /rʰa/ | rhax /r̥aʔ/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Vento | npaeng /bʰaɯŋ/ | bhaung /bʰaɯŋ/ | kaue /kaɨ̯/ | khuː /kʰuː/ | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | khuːr /kʰuːr/ |
| Terra | diex /tɛʔ/ | tiex /tɛʔ/ | — | kataːj /kataːj/ | pteʔ /pteʔ/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | kəɗɛː /kəɗɛː/ |
| Pietra | si māox /sima̤uʔ/ | simaox /simauʔ/ | smoʼ /sᵊmoʔ/ | maːw /maːw/ | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | mo /mo/ |
| Montagna | mgōng /ɡɔ̤ŋ/ | gawng /ɡɔŋ/ | moa /mɔ/ | kɔŋ /kɔŋ/ | mok /mok/ | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | sor /sor/ |
| Mare | rom si mgrid si mgra /rɔm siɡrit siɡra/ | rawm sigrit sigra /rɔm siɡrit siɡra/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Madre | mīex /mɛ̤ʔ/ | miex /mɛʔ/ | maʼ /maʔ/ | — /—/ | maʔ /maʔ/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | ma /ma/ |
| Padre | geeing /kɯɲ/ | keeing /kɯɲ/ | pueaʼ /pɨaʔ/ | — /—/ | joŋ /joŋ/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | kun /kun/ |
| Figlia | gon nbun /kɔn bun/ | kawn bun /kɔn bun/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Io | aex /ʔaɯʔ/ | aux /ʔaɯʔ/ | ʔoʔ /ʔoʔ/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | ʔɔ /ʔɔ/ |
| Tu | maix /maiʔ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | maiʔ /maiʔ/ | maj /maj/ | meʔ /meʔ/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | mi /miː/ |
| Noi | eix / ix /ʔeʔ / ʔiʔ/ | ix /ʔiʔ/ | ʔɛ /ʔɛ/ | — /—/ | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ | *hiːʔ /hiːʔ/ | ʔɛ / jɛ /ʔɛ / jɛ/ |
| Nome | jē gaex /tɕɤ̤ kaɯʔ/ | ceu kaux /tɕɤ kaɯʔ/ | yum /jɔm/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | sŋməh /sŋməh/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | ʨɨː /ʨɨː/ |
| Persona | būi /pṳi/ | pui /pui/ | pui /puj/ | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | gon /ɡon/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | bi /bi/ |
| Testa | gaing /kaɲ/ | kaing: /kaɲ/ | kany /kaɲ/ | kən /kən/ | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | kiŋ /kiŋ/ |
| Occhio | ngai /ŋai/ | ngai /ŋai/ | ʼia /ʔia̯/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | mat /mat/ | *mat /mat/ | ŋaj /ŋaːj/ |
| Orecchio | hyaog /ʑʰauk/ | yhaok /j̊auk/ | — | ʨhok /tɕʰok/ | rəməj /rəməj/ | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | hjɔʔ /hjɔʔ/ |
| Naso | mēeih /mɯ̤ih/ | meeih /mɯih/ | maueh /maɨ̯h/ | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | muh /muh/ | *muh /muh/ | kɔŋmuh /kɔŋmuh/ |
| Bocca | nqeeih /dʑʰɯih/ | jheeh /dʑʰɯih/ | ʼmboam /ʔᵊᵐbɔm/ | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | tənɔh /tənɔh/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | mur /mur/ |
| Dente | hrang /rʰaŋ/ | rhang /r̥aŋ/ | pioeng /piə̯ŋ/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | hraŋ /hraŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | hraŋ /r̥aːŋ/ |
| Lingua | ndag /dak/ | dak /dak/ | tak /tak/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | həntak /həntak/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | kərta /kərɗaʔ/ |
| Mano | daix /taiʔ/ | taix /taiʔ/ | miŋ /miŋ/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | ti /ɗiː/ |
| Piede | jāong /tɕa̤uŋ/ | caong /tʃaɔŋ/ | cuang /cua̯ŋ/ | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | krwɛh /krwɛh/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | ɟɯŋ /ɟɯŋ/ |
| Cuore | hrom /rʰɔm/ | rhawm /r̥ɔm/ | kavüa /kavɨa/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | nuər /nuər/ |
| Osso | si ang /siʔaŋ/ | si-ang /siʔaŋ/ | sʼang /sᵊʔaŋ/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | kəʔaŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ |
| Sangue | hnam /nʰam/ | nham /n̥am/ | hnam /n̥am/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | maːm /maːm/ | *mham /mham/ | hnam /n̥aːm/ |
| Cacca | aing /ʔaɲ/ | aing /ʔaɲ/ | ʼioeng /ʔiə̯ŋ/ | — | — | *ʔicʔ /ʔicʔ/ | — |
| Amore | mōuh /mo̤h/ | moh /moh/ | kruŋ /kɾuŋ/ | — /—/ | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ | — /—/ | ʔoŋ /ʔoŋ/ |
| Albero | kaox /kʰauʔ/ | khaox /kʰauʔ/ | khoʼ /kʰoʔ/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | tiŋ he /tiŋ he/ |
| Cane | soux /soʔ/ | sox /soʔ/ | souʼ /sɒʔ/ | sow /sow/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | sɔ /sɔ/ |
| Gatto | miao /miau/ | miao: /miau/ | mai /mai/ | — /—/ | mɛːw /mɛːw/ | — /—/ | ʔəŋaw /ʔəŋaw/ |
| Pesce | gax /kaʔ/ | kax /kaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kaː /kaː/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | ka /kaː/ |
| Uccello | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ | sany /saɲ/ | siːm /siːm/ | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | sim /sim/ |
| Farfalla | būng bīang /pṳŋ pi̤aŋ/ | pung piang /puŋ piaŋ/ | mbung mbang /ᵐbuŋ ᵐbaŋ/ | — | tlaːmpaːm /tlaːmpaːm/ | — | kərla /kərla/ |
| Uovo | dom /tɔm/ | tawm ia /tɔm ʔia/ | toum /tɒm/ | bəːn /bəːn/ | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ | *ktam /ktam/ | kadam /kaɗam/ |
| Orso | grih /krih/ | krih /krih/ | khleh /kʰleh/ | — | huəl /huəl/ | — | khrer /kʰrer/ |
| Cavallo | nbrūng /brṳŋ/ | brung /bruŋ/ | — | — | — | — | brəŋ /brəŋ/ |
| Casa | nyīex /ɲi̤ɛʔ/ | nyiex /ɲiɛʔ/ | nyueaʼ /ɲɨa̯ʔ/ | — /—/ | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | gaŋ /ɡaŋ/ |
| Latte | deeih /tɯih/ | teeh /tɯih/ | — | — | — | — | ʔom bu /ʔom bu/ |
| Miele | rom hia /rɔm hia/ | rawm hia /rɔm hia/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sale | gīh /ki̤h/ | kih /kih/ | kih /kih/ | — | hmaar /hmaːr/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ |
| Vino | rom blix siad /rɔm pliʔ siat/ | rawm plix siiet /rɔm pliʔ siat/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Riso | mgaox /ɡauʔ/ | gaox /ɡauʔ/ | — | — | ʰŋɔʔ /ʰŋɔʔ/ | *rŋkoːʔ /rŋkoːʔ/ | rəko /rəko/ |
| Ferro | hleig /lʰek/ | lhek /l̥ek/ | hlaec /l̥ɛc/ | — | cndroh /cndroh/ | — | hir /hir/ |
| Ruota | ling /liɲ/ | ling: /liɲ/ | — | — | — | — | — /—/ |
| Seta | man brēi /man pre̤/ | pre /pre/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Libro | pug lāi /pʰuk la̤i/ | phuk lai /pʰuk lai/ | — | — | pɨːm /pɨːm/ | — | boʔok /boʔok/ |
| Mangiare | ih /ʔih/ | ih /ʔih/ | som /som/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | mah /mah/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | hɔm /hɔm/ |
| Bere | nyāex /ɲa̤ɯʔ/ | nyaux /ɲaɯʔ/ | nyoʼ /ɲoʔ/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | tiəŋ /tiəŋ/ |
| Dormire | id /ʔit/ | it /ʔit/ | ʼac /ʔac/ | ɁiɁ /ʔiʔ/ | sih /sih/ | *ɓic /ɓic/ | ʔit /ʔit/ |
| Uno | dīx /ti̤ʔ/ | tix /tiʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | moj /moj/ | *muːj /muːj/ | ʔu /ʔu/ |
| Due | ra /ra/ | ra /ra/ | lʼa /lᵊʔa/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | baar /baːr/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | ʔar /ʔar/ |
| Tre | loui /loi/ | loe /lɤ/ | lʼoi /lᵊʔoj/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | peʼ /peʔ/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | ʔuəj /ʔuaj/ |
| Quattro | boun /pon/ | pon /pon/ | paueng /paɨ̯ŋ/ | phon /pʰon/ | pon /pon/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | phon /pʰon/ |
| Cinque | puan /pʰuan/ | phuan /pʰuan/ | phuan /pʰua̯n/ | — | — | *pɗam /pɗam/ | phən /pʰən/ |
| Cento | yīeh /ʑi̤ɛh/ | yieh /jiɛh/ | ʼyuea /ʔᵊjɨa̯/ | — | — | — | pəriah /pəriah/ |
| Ciao | nob nom /nɔp nɔm/ | nawp nawm /nɔp nɔm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | lɔh /lɔh/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | nbuan soun /buan son/ | bwanson /buan son/ | kop khun /kop kʰun/ | — /—/ | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | hmom /mʰɔm/ | mhawm /m̥ɔm/ | mac /mac/ | — /—/ | ləʔ /ləʔ/ | — /—/ | laʔ /laʔ/ |
| Nuovo | kraox /kʰrauʔ/ | khraox /kʰrauʔ/ | khroʼ /kʰroʔ/ | tamaːj /tamaːj/ | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | kənmɛ /kənmɛ/ |
| Rosso | raoh /rauh/ | raoh /rauh/ | skhrak /sᵊkʰrak/ | — /—/ | jim /jim/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | kho /kʰo/ |
| Bianco | bāing /pa̤ɲ/ | paing /paɲ/ | ping /piŋ/ | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | blɔʔ /blɔʔ/ |
| Nero | lūng /lṳŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | loang /lɔŋ/ | Ɂivɔŋ /ʔivɔŋ/ | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | jim /jim/ |
| Verde | glāi /kla̤i/ | klai /klai/ | snga /sᵊŋa/ | niɨ /niɨ/ | siw /siw/ | *kciʔ /kciʔ/ | ɲər /ɲər/ |
| Blu | glāi /kla̤i/ | — | snga /sᵊŋa/ | — | siːw /siːw/ | — | kjo /kjo/ |
| Cuculo | eeb bīd /ʔɯp pi̤t/ | eeppid /ʔɯp pit/ | — | — | — | — | pək tuʔ /pək tuʔ/ |
| Tè | qax /tɕʰaʔ/ | chax /tɕʰaʔ/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caffè | ka feui /kʰa fɤi/ | kha: feue: /kʰa fɤi/ | — | — | — | — | khəpi /kʰəpi/ |
| Zucchero | nām oi /na̤m ʔɔi/ | nam oi: /nam ʔɔi/ | — | — | — | — | — |
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