Mexicaneru
Nahuatl huasteca orientale
Uto-azteca
Il nahuatl della Huasteca orientale (Náhuatl de la Huasteca Oriental) è una delle più grandi varietà di nahuatl moderno, parlato da circa 410.000 persone nella regione della Huasteca, nel nord-est del Messico, a cavallo tra gli stati di Veracruz, Hidalgo e San Luis Potosí. Insieme al nahuatl della Huasteca occidentale (nhw) e al nahuatl della Huasteca centrale (nch), le varietà del nahuatl huasteco formano la più vasta regione di lingua nahuatl concentrata del Messico moderno. Sul piano linguistico, il nahuatl della Huasteca orientale conserva tratti del nahuatl classico (le occlusive glottidali dette saltillo, le distinzioni di lunghezza vocalica) e mantiene un cospicuo patrimonio di lessico mesoamericano. La grammatica di riferimento di Hasler del 1979 ne costituisce la principale documentazione moderna.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in nahuatl huasteca orientale
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Uto-azteca
| Significato | Nahuatl huasteca orientale | Nahuatl huasteca occidentale | Nahuatl huasteca centrale | Nahuatl di Guerrero | Nahuatl classico | Pipil | Nahuatl dell'istmo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | atl /atɬ/ | ātl /aːtɬ/ | at /at/ | a̱ꞌti /aːʔti/ |
| Fuoco | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | tlētl /tɬeːtɬ/ | tit /tit/ | tiꞌti /tiʔti/ |
| Sole | tonati /tonati/ | tonati /tonati/ | tonati /tonati/ | tonajli /tonahli/ | tōnatiuh /toːnatiw/ | tunal /tunal/ | to̱nati̱ꞌ /toːnatiːʔ/ |
| Luna | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | mētztli /meːtstɬi/ | metzti /meːtsti/ | me̱tzti /meːtsti/ |
| Stella | sitlali /siˈtɬali/ | sitlali /siˈtɬali/ | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ | sitlalin /siˈtɬalin/ | cītlālin /siːˈtɬaːlin/ | sital /ˈsital/ | si̱talin /siːtalin/ |
| Notte | yohuali /jowali/ | yohuali /jowali/ | youali /jowali/ | yowalli /jowalːi/ | yohualli /joːwalːi/ | tayua /tajuwa/ | yóhual /ˈjowal/ |
| Pioggia | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | kiyawit /kiˈjawit/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | quiyahuitl /kiˈjawitɬ/ | kiawit /kiawit/ | tiahua̱ꞌ /tiawaːʔ/ |
| Neve | citlal cetl /sitɬal setɬ/ | sitlal setl /sitɬal setɬ/ | sital set /sital set/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | cepayahuitl /sepaˈjawitɬ/ | — | — |
| Vento | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajakatl /ahakatɬ/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | ehecatl /eˈhekatɬ/ | ejekat /eˈhekat/ | ejecaꞌ /ehekaʔ/ |
| Terra | tlali /tɬali/ | tlali /tɬali/ | tlali /tɬali/ | tlajli /tɬahli/ | tlālli /tɬaːlːi/ | tal /ˈtaːl/ | ta̱jli /taːhli/ |
| Pietra | tetl /tetɬ/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | tet /tet/ | teꞌti /teʔti/ |
| Montagna | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepētl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tepet /ˈtepet/ | tepe̱ꞌ /tepeːʔ/ |
| Mare | hueyi atl /weˈji atɬ/ | hueyatl /ˈwejatɬ/ | hueyatl /ˈwejatɬ/ | mar /mar/ | hueyatl /ˈweːjaːtɬ/ | — | láma̱r /ˈlamaːr/ |
| Madre | mama /mama/ | nana /nana/ | nana /nana/ | nanan /nanan/ | nāntli /naːntɬi/ | nan /nan/ | te̱ye̱ꞌ /teːjeːʔ/ |
| Padre | tata /tata/ | tata /tata/ | tata /tata/ | tatah /tatah/ | tahtli /tahtɬi/ | tat /tat/ | te̱taj /teːtah/ |
| Figlia | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | nochpoch /ˈnotʃpotʃ/ | ichpōchtli /itʃpoːtʃtɬi/ | nusiwapiltzin /nusiwaˈpiltsin/ | isihua̱piltzi̱n /isiwaːpiltsiːn/ |
| Io | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | nejua /neˈwa/ | nehhuātl /neʔˈwaːtɬ/ | naja /ˈnaha/ | nej /neh/ |
| Tu | ta /ta/ | ta /ta/ | ta /ta/ | tejua /teˈwa/ | tehhuātl /teʔˈwaːtɬ/ | taja /ˈtaha/ | tej /teh/ |
| Noi | tojuanti /toˈhwanti/ | tojuanti /toˈhwanti/ | tojuanti /tohˈwanti/ | tejuamej /teˈwameh/ | tehhuāntin /teʔˈwaːntin/ | tejemet /teˈhemet/ | tejame̱n / nejame̱n /tehameːn / nehameːn/ |
| Nome | tocaitl /tokaitɬ/ | tocaitl /toˈkaitɬ/ | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ | tocaitl /toˈkaitɬ/ | tōcāitl /toːˈkaːitɬ/ | tukay /ˈtukaj/ | to̱ca̱ꞌ /toːkaːʔ/ |
| Persona | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | tlācatl /tɬaːkatɬ/ | takat /ˈtakat/ | — |
| Testa | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | cuāitl /kʷaːitɬ/ | tzuntekun /tsuntekun/ | tzontecon /tsontekon/ |
| Occhio | ixtiyol /iʃtijol/ | ixteyol /iʃtejol/ | ixtioli /iʃtioli/ | ixtololo /iʃtololo/ | īxtli /iːʃtɬi/ | ish /iʃ/ | i̱xti /iːʃti/ |
| Orecchio | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | nacas /nakas/ | nacaztli /nakastɬi/ | nakas /nakas/ | nacas /nakas/ |
| Naso | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yakatsoli /jakatsoli/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | yak /jak/ | yacti /jakti/ |
| Bocca | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | camatl /kamatɬ/ | ten /ten/ | te̱nti /teːnti/ |
| Dente | tlancochtli /tɬankotʃtɬi/ | tlancochtli /tɬankotʃtɬi/ | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ | tlan /tɬan/ | tlantli /tɬantɬi/ | tan /tan/ | tanti /tanti/ |
| Lingua | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepili /nenepili/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | nenepilli /nenepilːi/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | le̱nguaj /leːnɡʷah/ |
| Mano | mayitl /majitɬ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | māitl /maːitɬ/ | mey /mei/ | mayiꞌ /majiʔ/ |
| Piede | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | ikshi /ikʃi/ | icxi /ikʃi/ |
| Cuore | yollotl /jolːotɬ/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ | yojlotl /johlotɬ/ | yōllōtl /joːlːoːtɬ/ | yulu /julu/ | iya̱lmaj /ijaːlmah/ |
| Osso | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | umit /umit/ | omiꞌ /omiʔ/ |
| Sangue | estli /estɬi/ | estli /estɬi/ | estli /estɬi/ | yestli /jestɬi/ | eztli /esˈtɬi/ | esti /esti/ | esti /esti/ |
| Cacca | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | — | cuitlatl /kʷitɬatɬ/ | kwitat /kʷitat/ | cuitaꞌ /kʷitaʔ/ |
| Amore | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | tlazōhtla /tɬasoːhtɬa/ | tasujta /tasuhta/ | quinequi /kineki/ |
| Albero | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | kojtli /kohtɬi/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | kwawit /kʷawit/ | cuahuiꞌ /kʷawiʔ/ |
| Cane | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | itzcuintli /itskʷintɬi/ | itzcuīntli /itskʷiːntɬi/ | pelu /peːlu/ | pe̱lo /peːlo/ |
| Gatto | mizto /misto/ | mizton /miston/ | misto /misto/ | miston /miston/ | mīztōn /miːstoːn/ | mistun /mistuːŋ/ | misto̱n /mistoːn/ |
| Pesce | michi /mitʃi/ | michi /mitʃi/ | michi /mitʃi/ | michin /mitʃin/ | michin /mitʃin/ | michin /mitʃin/ | to̱poj /toːpoh/ |
| Uccello | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | tototl /tototɬ/ | tototl /tototɬ/ | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | tōtōtl /toːtoːtɬ/ | tutut /tutut/ | to̱to̱ꞌ /toːtoːʔ/ |
| Farfalla | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | pāpālōtl /paːpaːloːtɬ/ | papalut /papalut/ | me̱me̱ /meːmeː/ |
| Uovo | tejquistli /tehkistɬi/ | tecsistli /teksistɬi/ | tejsistli /tehsistɬi/ | totoltetl /totolˈtetɬ/ | tōtoltetl /toːtoltetɬ/ | teksisti /teksisti/ | itecsis /iteksis/ |
| Orso | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | tlācamāyeh /tɬaːkamaːjeʔ/ | tekwani metzkujkutu /teːˈkʷani metskuhkutu/ | oso /oso/ |
| Cavallo | cahuayo /kaˈwajo/ | cahuayo /kaˈwajo/ | kauayoj /kaˈwajoh/ | caballo /kaˈbajo/ | cahuallo /kaˈwaːlːo/ | cahuayoh /kaˈwajuh/ | cahua̱yoj /kaˈwaːjoh/ |
| Casa | cali /kali/ | cali /kali/ | kali /kali/ | kajli /kahli/ | calli /kalːi/ | kal /kal/ | cajli /kahli/ |
| Latte | lechi /letʃi/ | lechi /letʃi/ | lechi /letʃi/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | chīchīhualāyōtl /tʃiːtʃiːwalaːjoːtɬ/ | — | chi̱chihuala̱ꞌ /tʃiːtʃiwalaːʔ/ |
| Miele | nectli /nektɬi/ | nectli /nektɬi/ | necti /nekti/ | necutli /neˈkutɬi/ | neuctli /nekʷtɬi/ | nekti /nekti/ | necti /nekti/ |
| Sale | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | iztatl /istatɬ/ | istat /istat/ | istaꞌ /istaʔ/ |
| Vino | xocomeca atl /ʃokomeka atɬ/ | xocomeca atl /ʃokomeka atɬ/ | xocomeca at /ʃokomeka at/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Cioccolato | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chocolatl /tʃokoˈlatɬ/ | chikolatl /tʃikoˈlatɬ/ | — | chukulat /tʃukulat/ | — |
| Ferro | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | tepoztli /tepostɬi/ | tepusti /tepusti/ | tepos /tepos/ |
| Ruota | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | — | temalacatl /temalakatɬ/ | rweda /rweda/ | — |
| Seta | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — | — | seda /seda/ |
| Libro | amatl /amatɬ/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | amochtli /aˈmotʃtɬi/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | āmoxtli /aːˈmoʃtɬi/ | amat /amat/ | a̱maꞌ /aːmaʔ/ |
| Mangiare | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | tlakua /tɬakʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | takwa /takwa/ | tacua /takʷa/ |
| Bere | atli /atɬi/ | atli /atɬi/ | atli /atɬi/ | koni /koni/ | ātli /aːtɬi/ | ati /ati/ | a̱ti /aːti/ |
| Dormire | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ | kuchi /ˈkutʃi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ |
| Uno | se /se/ | se /se/ | ce /se/ | ce /se/ | cē /seː/ | se /se/ | se̱ /seː/ |
| Due | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | ome /ˈome/ | ōme /ˈoːme/ | ume /ˈume/ | o̱me /oːme/ |
| Tre | eyi /ejiː/ | eyi /ejiː/ | eyi /ejiː/ | yeyi /jeji/ | yei /jeːi/ | yey /jej/ | e̱yi /eːji/ |
| Quattro | nahui /naːwi/ | nahui /nawi/ | nahui /naːwi/ | nahui /nawi/ | nāhui /naːwi/ | nawi /naːwi/ | na̱hui /naːwi/ |
| Cinque | macuili /maˈkʷili/ | macuili /maˈkʷili/ | makuili /maˈkʷili/ | makuijli /makʷihli/ | mācuīlli /maːˈkʷiːlːi/ | makwil /maˈkʷil/ | cinco /sinko/ |
| Cento | cien /sjen/ | cien /sjen/ | cien /sjen/ | ciento /ˈsjento/ | mācuīlpōhualli /maːkʷiːlpoːˈwalːi/ | tzunti /tsunti/ | cien /sjen/ |
| Ciao | pialli /pialːi/ | niltze /niltse/ | niltze /niltse/ | panolti /panolti/ | niltze /niltse/ | ne pakua /ne pakwa/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlaskamati /tɬaskamati/ | tlazohcamati /tɬasoʔkamati/ | tlazōhcāmati /tɬasoːhkaːmati/ | padiush /padjuʃ/ | gracias /ɡrasjas/ |
| Buono | cuali /kʷali/ | cuali /kʷali/ | kuali /kʷali/ | kuajli /kʷahli/ | cualli /kʷalːi/ | yek /jeːk/ | ye̱cti /jeːkti/ |
| Nuovo | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | yencuic /ˈjenkʷik/ | yancuic /jankʷik/ | yankwik /jaŋkʷik/ | yancuiꞌ /jankʷiʔ/ |
| Rosso | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltic /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chichiltic /tʃitʃiltik/ | chiltik /tʃiltik/ | chi̱ltiꞌ /tʃiːltiʔ/ |
| Bianco | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ | istak /istak/ | istak /istak/ | iztāc /istaːk/ | istak /istak/ | ista̱ꞌ /istaːʔ/ |
| Nero | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | capotztic /kaˈpotstik/ | tlīltic /tɬiːltik/ | tiltik /tiltik/ | pi̱stiꞌ /piːstiʔ/ |
| Verde | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | xoxojki /ʃoˈʃohki/ | xoxoctic /ʃoʃoktik/ | shushuwik /ʃuʃuwik/ | xoxoctiꞌ /ʃoʃoktiʔ/ |
| Blu | azultic /aˈsultik/ | azultic /aˈsultik/ | azultic /aˈsultik/ | azul /aˈsul/ | texotli /teʃohtɬi/ | — | aso̱ltiꞌ /asoːltiʔ/ |
| Caffè | cafe /kafe/ | — | kafej /kafeh/ | café /kaˈfe/ | — | — | capej /kapeh/ |
| Zucchero | tzopelictli /tsopeliktɬi/ | — | chanchaka /tʃantʃaka/ | azúcar /aˈsukar/ | — | — | — |
| Arancia | alaxox /ˈalaʃoːʃ/ | lalax /ˈlalaːʃ/ | lalax /ˈlalaːʃ/ | naranja /naˈranxa/ | — | — | — |
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